Panorama A World History 1st Edition By Ross Dunn – Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 03

Afroeurasia’s Moving Frontiers: Farmers, Herders, and Charioteers, 3000-1000 B.C.E.

 

 Multiple Choice Questions

1.   (p. 81)The rapid growth in the world’s population from 8000 B.C.E to 1000 B.C.E can best be explained by which of the following?
A. advances in agricultural production, such as animal plowing
B. the isolation of settlements in and around Afroeurasia
C. the increased use of copper
D. All these answers are correct.

 

2.   (p. 81-82)In addition to weaponry and warfare, the production of bronze
A. gave rise to a diverse set of occupations and more versatile economies.
B. contributed heavily to the domestication of horses and the development of horseback riding.
C. allowed women to obtain positions of power in society.
D. caused city dwellers to take up agricultural pursuits.

 

3.   (p. 81)What about bronze made it a superior metal?
A. It was far cheaper to produce than other metals.
B. Bronze was easier to cast, more durable, and capable of holding an edge.
C. Bronze was found in abundance in nature.
D. It took little skill to work with bronze.

 

4.   (p. 82)The presence of weapons and precious metals and gems in ancient tombs tells us what about these societies?
A. Weapons and precious goods were in abundance.
B. Certain individuals held higher status and could afford to be buried with their prized possessions.
C. Individuals hoped to safeguard these items for future generations.
D. The demand for such items was low and could therefore be easily discarded.

 

 

 

5.   (p. 82)The worship of the bull god in Cretan society indicates that
A. there was one dominant religion throughout Afroeurasia.
B. Cretan society prized masculinity and was largely patriarchal.
C. Cretans were monotheistic.
D. Cretans had contact with Egypt and adopted elements of Egyptian religious belief.

 

6.   (p. 83)How did the rise of powerful aristocracies in the eastern Mediterranean during the third millennium B.C.E contribute to the growth of trade in the region?
A. Aristocrats paid for exploratory expeditions to far-flung lands.
B. Aristocrats used traders as emissaries.
C. Aristocrats sought luxury goods to show off their wealth and status.
D. Aristocrats used trading vessels to move military convoys.

 

7.   (p. 84)The existence of megaliths along Europe’s Atlantic coast from Britain to Spain tells us what about early European societies?
A. There was an exchange of both goods and ideas among early European peoples.
B. A single empire controlled this region during the third and second millennia B.C.E.
C. Early European peoples had little contact with other lands.
D. Early European peoples shared a single religion.

 

8.   (p. 85)Which modern-day countries occupy the territory that formed the Oxus civilization?
A. Greece, Turkey, Syria, and Iraq
B. France, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands
C. China, Myanmar, India, and Nepal
D. Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan

 

9.   (p. 87)Oracle bones were used by which of the following civilizations?
A. Oxus
B. Shang
C. Cretan
D. Minoan

 

 

 

10.                (p. 87)One important part of Shang religious belief was
A. the existence of a single all-powerful deity.
B. that Shang rulers were divine representatives.
C. ancestor worship.
D. the idea that only the wealthy could access the divine spirit.

 

11.                (p. 88)Which of the following best describes pastoral nomadism?
A. a type of social organization in which kinship groups move from region to region with their herds
B. an artistic movement depicting nomadic peoples
C. the aggregation of large population centers in urban settings
D. a society characterized by rigid social structures and a powerful central authority

 

12.                (p. 89-90)The domestication of horses, beginning in the Pontic-Caspian steppe, resulted in which of the following?
A. an increase in the mobility of populations who mastered horseback riding
B. the ability to herd larger quantities of animals
C. the development of the chariot
D. All these answers are correct.

 

13.                (p. 90)Which of the following distinguished pastoral nomadic societies from permanent settlements?
A. Pastoral nomads adhered to a strict social hierarchy.
B. Pastoral nomads remained largely isolated and had little contact with other lands and peoples.
C. Pastoral nomadic societies were relatively egalitarian compared to more settled populations.
D. Pastoral nomads constructed large urban centers.

 

 

 

14.                (p. 92)The Indo-European family of languages originated in which region?
A. the Pontic-Caspian steppe
B. Southeast Asia
C. the Americas
D. ancient Egypt

 

15.                (p. 93)The Hittite empire was centered in what is now
A. Israel.
B. Spain.
C. Turkey.
D. Syria.

 

16.                (p. 95)Hittite rulers were
A. largely women.
B. representatives of the divine storm god.
C. chiefs of nomadic tribes.
D. wealthy traders who formed the elite of a merchant ruling class.

 

17.                (p. 95)Hammurabi united which territory during his reign?
A. Mesopotamia
B. the Indus valley
C. the Pontic-Caspian steppe
D. the Oxus valley

 

18.                (p. 96)Which of the following best describes Hammurabi’s Code?
A. a religious text
B. a military handbook
C. a collection of legal precedents
D. taxation guidelines

 

 

 

19.                (p. 96)The terms Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom refer to which state?
A. Greece
B. China
C. Babylonia
D. Egypt

 

20.                (p. 96-97)Egyptian pharaohs maintained power through which of the following?
A. advances in chariot technology
B. an efficient and extensive bureaucracy
C. extensive trade networks
D. All these answers are correct.

 

21.                (p. 97)Which of the following groups threatened Egyptian rulers during the second millennium B.C.E.?
A. the Hyksos and the Nubians
B. the Cretans and the Minoans
C. the Hittites
D. the Amorites

 

22.                (p. 98)Which of the following is an example of how the kingdoms of Southwest Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean avoided warfare?
A. Rulers adopted a common religion, which promoted peace.
B. Marriages between different royal families promoted alliances.
C. Rulers focused more heavily on advances in agriculture than on advances in military technology.
D. Rulers feared that warfare would disrupt trade.

 

23.                (p. 99)The presence of large quantities of gold, silver, and bronze unearthed in Mycenaean tombs tells us what about this early Greek civilization?
A. Mycenaeans placed little value on precious metals.
B. Mycenaeans offered gifts of gold and silver to please the gods.
C. A class of Mycenaean aristocrats amassed great wealth.
D. Mycenaeans were largely self-sufficient and interacted little with other peoples.

 

 

 

24.                (p. 101)Which of the following describes the Vedas?
A. a group of Greek gods known for their military prowess
B. ancient Egypt’s aristocratic class
C. the Hittite military elite
D. hymns and prayers orally passed on by Indic priests

 

25.                (p. 101)The social hierarchy described in the Rig Veda is believed to be the precursor to which of the following?
A. the caste system
B. apartheid
C. the enslavement of those captured by military conquest
D. the belief that rulers are divine representatives

 

26.                (p. 103)How did the rise of chariot warfare affect women in the second millennium B.C.E.?
A. Women gained authority as notable warriors.
B. Women obtained great economic gains, as they were the primary manufacturers of chariots.
C. Chariot warfare led to a rise in patriarchy and a decline in matriarchy.
D. Chariot warfare had little effect on women.

 

27.                (p. 103)Chariots gained widespread use from the Mediterranean to East Asia. What does this tell us about the second millennium B.C.E.?
A. Different peoples developed chariots independently of one another.
B. A well-developed network of communication existed across Afroeurasia.
C. Chariots were inexpensive and easily obtainable.
D. A single ruler attempted to conquer the lands from Southwest Asia to ancient China.

 

28.                (p. 104)As a result of climatic change in the central Sahara during the second millennium B.C.E.,
A. large populations migrated there to take advantage of the fertile soil.
B. the native populations were wiped out by a series of ecological disasters.
C. new farming techniques were developed to accommodate the increase in rainfall.
D. populations left the increasingly arid region for more hospitable territory.

 

 

 

29.                (p. 104)From the increasingly arid Sahara, peoples migrated to
A. Mycenae.
B. the Sudan and the Nile valley.
C. the Levant.
D. the Pontic-Caspian steppe.

 

30.                (p. 104)Trypanosomiasis, transmitted by the tsetse fly, resulted in which of the following?
A. the migration of herding peoples into eastern Africa
B. innovations in treatment of the disease
C. mass slaughter of cattle by herding peoples to prevent spread of the disease
D. a movement of peoples to the Sahara, where the tsetse fly could not survive

 

31.                (p. 104-105)The Khoisan family of languages largely disappeared as a result of which of the following?
A. Its speakers all perished after a volcanic eruption in the second millennium B.C.E.
B. Its speakers were all conquered by Indo-European peoples.
C. It gradually died out as its speakers migrated from the Great Lakes region of East Africa to the Sudan.
D. It was replaced by the Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic languages of peoples fleeing the central Sahara.

 

32.                (p. 105)Which of the following best describes shifting agriculture?
A. the movement of agricultural populations to highly populated urban centers
B. a synonym for pastoral nomadism
C. the movement of farming communities to allow for the recovery of delicate soil
D. a technique in which horses are used to find fertile soil

 

33.                (p. 105)Shifting agriculture contributed to which of the following migratory movements?
A. the Bantu into southern Africa
B. the peoples of the Pontic-Caspian steppe into southeastern Europe
C. the Shang Chinese into Southeast Asia
D. the Babylonians into the Levantine coast

 

 

 

34.                (p. 105)What does archaeological evidence coupled with linguistic analysis tell us about Bantu-speaking peoples in the third and second millennia B.C.E.?
A. The Bantu remained largely stationary in western Africa.
B. Bantu-speaking populations were conquered by migrating herders from the central Sahara.
C. A great migration of Bantu-speaking peoples took place during this time period throughout southern and eastern Africa.
D. Bantu speakers were largely foraging populations with under-developed agricultural practices.

 

35.                (p. 105)What do we know about the religious beliefs of Bantu-speaking peoples?
A. They were monotheistic.
B. They venerated a pantheon of female gods.
C. They believed in a supreme god as well as a host of lesser deities and ancestral spirits.
D. They worshiped a warrior god and regularly offered ritual sacrifices in return for protection in battle.

 

36.                (p. 105)The Formosa Strait separates which two land masses?
A. mainland China and Taiwan
B. India and Pakistan
C. Thailand and Vietnam
D. Greece and Turkey

 

37.                (p. 105)The invention of the outrigger canoe enabled which of the following?
A. the rapid growth of naval powers during the Bronze Age
B. the ability of Mediterranean fisherman to fish in deeper waters
C. the dispersion of peoples throughout Southeast Asia
D. the transport of large goods from China to the Mediterranean

 

38.                (p. 106)Volcanic activity throughout Southeast Asia resulted in which of the following?
A. the lack of organized colonies within the “ring of fire”
B. the presence of rich and fertile soil
C. the sustained use of foraging as a means of subsistence
D. All these answers are correct.

 

 

 

39.                (p. 106)During the third and second millennia B.C.E., Austronesian farming communities replaced native foraging populations throughout Southeast Asia because
A. native foraging populations voluntarily left to seek out new dwellings.
B. volcanic eruptions wiped out all of the region’s native populations.
C. Austronesian farming practices were far more effective in sustaining larger populations than was foraging.
D. Austronesian farmers killed all of the region’s native populations as they settled from island to island.

 

40.                (p. 78-79)The shipwreck of Uluburun tells us what about the second millennium B.C.E.?
A. The dominant civilizations of the time had little contact with one another.
B. An extensive network of trade and exchange of ideas existed throughout Afroeurasia.
C. Ships were relatively primitive structures capable of only short journeys.
D. Ships were the primary means of military conquest.

 

41.                (p. 81)Which of the following best describes the difference between extensive and intensive growth?
A. Extensive growth is marked by large population centers such as cities, while intensive growth is marked by the proliferation of small farm and herding communities.
B. Extensive growth is the result of surplus farm goods capable of supporting larger populations, while intensive growth results from advances in wagon technology.
C. Intensive growth is defined by the movement of peoples from urban dwellings to rural ones, while extensive growth is defined by the movement of rural populations to urban locales.
D. Intensive growth is characterized by the concentration of populations in cities due to advances in agricultural production, while extensive growth is characterized by the expansion of herding and farming populations.

 

42.                (p. 81-82)The wide-scale introduction of bronze in the third and second millennia B.C.E. led to which of the following?
A. a temporary decrease in the world’s population
B. a move from large population centers to smaller agricultural communities
C. a rise in highly developed social and political organization
D. a decrease in the world’s food supply

 

 

 

43.                (p. 82)The invention of the traction plow in the third millennium B.C.E. was significant because it
A. enabled farmers to plough larger sections of land in a shorter amount of time.
B. enabled the children of farmers to pursue other trades, as fewer hands were needed on the farm.
C. led to a temporary decline in the world’s population, due to its inefficiency.
D. encouraged city dwellers to take up farming as a reliable source of income.

 

44.                (p. 82)Which of the following were the major trade goods of the Mediterranean during the third and second millennia B.C.E.?
A. horses and sheep
B. rice and medicinal herbs
C. amber and silver
D. olive oil, wine, and wheat

 

45.                (p. 82-83)Minoan art suggests what about the status of women in that society?
A. Women were revered as divine entities.
B. Minoan women were often fierce warriors.
C. Minoan women enjoyed more equality than did women in other civilizations.
D. Women held little political authority and were segregated from men socially.

 

46.                (p. 85-86)Which of the following best describes the significance of the Oxus River civilization?
A. Oxus rulers maintained their reign for more than a thousand years.
B. The Oxus civilization was responsible for the first system of writing in Afroeurasia.
C. Bronze metallurgy was invented in the Oxus River valley.
D. Oxus merchants set up a system of trade that spanned from the Indus valley to the Mediterranean.

 

 

 

47.                (p. 86)Archaeological sites at Erlitou and Sanxingdui reveal that
A. the Yellow and Yangzi valleys remained largely undeveloped until the first millennium B.C.E.
B. foraging persisted as the primary form of food collection in the Yellow and Yangzi valleys well into the second millennium B.C.E.
C. several complex and highly developed civilizations existed in China before the Shang dynasty.
D. Chinese civilization remained largely isolated from international trade networks during the Bronze Age.

 

48.                (p. 87)Which of the following best describes the purpose of oracle bones in Shang China?
A. Oracle bones contained the records of ritual communications between Shang rulers and ancestral spirits.
B. Oracle bones provide evidence of periodic ritual human sacrifice in Shang China.
C. Oracle bones were objects of art only available to the wealthy classes.
D. Oracle bones were a form of currency in Shang China.

 

49.                (p. 89)Which of the following best describes a “secondary product”?
A. Secondary products are the waste materials produced by craftsmen and artisans.
B. Secondary products are goods such as milk and wool obtained from animals.
C. Secondary products are those with relatively little value.
D. Secondary products are non-exportable goods.

 

50.                (p. 91)The invention of the chariot led to which of the following?
A. the rise of several matriarchal societies across Afroeurasia
B. the end of pastoral nomadism, as warriors founded large settlements
C. a decline in ship building, as chariots provided an easier form of transportation between regions
D. the ability of warriors to conquer larger territories across greater distances

 

 

 

 Essay Questions

51.                Explain the ways in which the invention of bronze metallurgy and the traction plow in the third millennium B.C.E. affected society across Afroeurasia.

Answers will vary

 

52.                Describe how the increase in trade from the Mediterranean to East Asia during the third and second millennia B.C.E. helped transform the many civilizations populating Afroeurasia. How did trade affect the social, cultural, and economic landscape?

Answers will vary

 

53.                What is the importance of the Shang dynasty to early Chinese civilization? What are some of the major characteristics of the Shang empire that mark it as distinct, and what connects it to the larger story of Afroeurasia during the Bronze Age?

Answers will vary

 

54.                Compare and contrast pastoral nomadism to permanent agricultural settlements. Discuss the social, political, and economic structures of each type of society. How did they differ, and why? Describe the different ways in which these two types of societies interacted with one another.

Answers will vary

 

55.                Discuss the significance of the domestication of horses and the invention of the chariot during the third and second millennia B.C.E. What does the presence of structurally similar chariots from the Mediterranean to China tell us about the various civilizations dotting the Afroeurasian landscape?

Answers will vary

 

 

 

56.                Discuss the system of international relations that sprang up from the Eastern Mediterranean to Mesopotamia. Which issues and concerns predominated as these states interacted with one another, and how did they resolve or attempt to prevent conflict in the region?

Answers will vary

 

57.                Describe how the time period discussed in this chapter was a period of growing cultural and linguistic diversity as well as a period of expanding contact and exchange between peoples. Provide examples of how the many peoples of Afroeurasia grew increasingly distinct from one another and how they became connected to one another despite vast distances and challenges to communication and travel.

Answers will vary

 

Chapter 05

Afroeurasia: Centers of Power, Trade, and New Ideas, 1200-600 B.C.E.

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

1.   (p. 137)Which of the following is a true statement about the introduction of iron into Afroeurasian societies?
A. Iron was introduced into Afroeurasia by mariners sailing from the Americas.
B. The introduction of iron into Afroeurasian societies was slow, and many people continued to work with copper and bronze even after iron was introduced.
C. Once iron was introduced into Afroeurasian societies, it rapidly replaced bronze and copper metallurgy.
D. Iron was initially rejected by Afroeurasian rulers, and as a result, it was a lost art until European rulers rediscovered it in the sixteenth century C.E.

 

2.   (p. 137)Iron metallurgy originated in which of the following regions?
A. Southwest Asia
B. North America
C. Australia
D. All these answers are correct.

 

3.   (p. 137)Iron was superior to bronze because
A. iron was easier to find and produced a stronger and more durable product.
B. though less durable than bronze, iron was far cheaper to produce.
C. it took less time to train people in iron metallurgy than in bronze metallurgy.
D. iron was easier to transport than bronze.

 

 

 

4.   (p. 137-138)Which of the following best describes the difference between the invention of iron metallurgy in tropical Africa and the invention of iron metallurgy in Southwest Asia?
A. Women were the primary metal workers in Africa, while in Southwest Asia, metallurgy was largely a male occupation.
B. Unlike Southwest Asia, tropical Africa did not have a preceding bronze age.
C. Unlike in tropical Africa, iron metallurgy did not spread much beyond the Southwest Asian epicenter.
D. Iron rapidly gained popularity in Southwest Asia, while it took centuries to take hold in Africa.

 

5.   (p. 138)The Bantu migration resulted in which of the following?
A. the eventual extinction of the Bantu people
B. the disappearance of the Bantu language as the Bantu people became assimilated into other cultures
C. the spread of Bantu language, culture, and agricultural practices throughout large parts of Africa
D. a temporary slowdown in the production of iron, as Bantu migrants tended to disrupt local economies and trade

 

6.   (p. 139)Which of the following best describes the impact of iron smelting on the natural world?
A. Because iron was easier to extract than other metals, people had to disrupt nature far less to obtain it.
B. Iron and bronze metallurgy differed little in how they affected the environment.
C. Iron smelting produced less pollution than bronze metallurgy.
D. Tools made from iron enabled people to clear woodlands far faster than with tools made from bronze.

 

7.   (p. 140-141)Beginning in the twelfth century B.C.E., which of the following caused massive disruption throughout Southwest Asia, Egypt, and the Aegean Basin?
A. a period of rapid global cooling
B. a devastating volcanic eruption
C. violent attacks by bands of Sea People
D. an unrelenting drought

 

 

 

8.   (p. 141)A compelling theory behind the success of the Sea People is that they
A. quickly adopted iron weaponry.
B. developed weaponry capable of defeating chariots.
C. were largely merchants and possessed more wealth than powerful rulers.
D. used large numbers of slaves to overpower their enemies.

 

9.   (p. 141-142)The letter exchanged between the rulers of Alashiya and Ugarit cited in the chapter tells us what about the time period?
A. A system of exchange and diplomacy existed among the rulers of the time.
B. Rulers did little to help one another in times of crisis.
C. Alashiya and Ugarit were part of the same empire.
D. Communication between rulers was limited and complicated by linguistic differences.

 

10.                (p. 142)Which of the following is an important outcome of the upheaval caused by the Sea People?
A. The Hittite, Mitanni, Egyptian, and Assyrian kingdoms all emerged stronger than they had been before the attacks.
B. A new class of chariots were developed to defend cities and villages.
C. Iron weaponry spread rapidly throughout Southwest Asia.
D. Chariots were abandoned as a useful tool of war.

 

11.                (p. 142)The Neo-Assyrian empire expanded and maintained its rule through which of the following?
A. Neo-Assyrian rulers claimed that they were divinely appointed.
B. Neo-Assyrian rulers invested heavily in their military and filled the power vacuum left by the Sea People invasions.
C. Neo-Assyrian leaders promoted equality among all their citizens, and as a result, many peoples flocked to the Assyrian ruler.
D. Neo-Assyrian rulers forged a complex system of diplomacy based largely on marriage alliances.

 

 

 

12.                (p. 142)The Neo-Assyrians were the first major state to adopt which of the following innovations?
A. horse-mounted soldiers
B. iron weaponry
C. war chariots
D. infantry

 

13.                (p. 142-143)Which of the following best describes the Neo-Assyrian command structure?
A. Priests and religious leaders held the ultimate authority, and even the king was subordinate to their power.
B. Neo-Assyrians established a type of democracy in which certain members of society elected local representatives that would serve the empire.
C. The Assyrian king held absolute authority and controlled matters in his kingdom with a rigid hand.
D. The Assyrian king chose representatives from among the various ethnic groups he conquered to run newly incorporated territories.

 

14.                (p. 143)One consequence of Assyrian efforts to uproot and resettle conquered populations throughout the empire was
A. civil war.
B. eventual cultural uniformity.
C. the extinction of several ethnic groups.
D. a level of cultural diversity not seen before in the region.

 

15.                (p. 144)The Neo-Assyrian empire was finally brought down by which of the following peoples?
A. the Hittite
B. the Babylonians
C. the Egyptians
D. the Sea People

 

 

 

16.                (p. 146)The writings about Adad-Guppi’s life tells us what about the role of religion in Neo-Babylonia?
A. Only men were permitted to be religious leaders.
B. The king saw religious leaders as potential rivals.
C. Religion played an important role in politics.
D. Religion and politics were separated into two different spheres.

 

17.                (p. 144)Which of the following distinguished the Hebrews from other peoples in Southwest Asia?
A. They believed in one god.
B. They spoke a non-Semitic language.
C. They used a logographic writing system.
D. They rejected all forms of warfare.

 

18.                (p. 144)The Old Testament is described by which of the following?
A. a legal code established by Neo-Assyrian kings
B. the religious beliefs of Neo-Babylonia
C. the Hebrew bible
D. a code of military conduct popular in Southwest Asia

 

19.                (p. 145)According to the Hebrew Bible, the founding father of the Israelites was
A. Moses.
B. Abraham.
C. Adad-Guppi.
D. Joseph.

 

20.                (p. 147)The Hebrew faith differed from other religious beliefs of the time in which important way?
A. The Hebrews were polytheistic, while most of the other religions of the day were monotheistic.
B. The Hebrews closely associated their god with aspects of nature.
C. The Hebrew god was generally indifferent to the condition of his followers.
D. The Hebrew god cared deeply for his followers and required them to uphold his law.

 

 

 

21.                (p. 147)The Israelites were conquered and exiled en masse by which of the following kingdoms?
A. Judah
B. Babylonia
C. Egypt
D. Phoenicia

 

22.                (p. 147)Which of the following was an important change in trading practices during the first millennium B.C.E.?
A. Rulers began to sponsor merchants personally, providing them with the funds to travel farther and obtain a greater variety of goods.
B. Traders experienced a period of sharp decline during the Sea People invasions.
C. Merchants began to trade privately and served a greater population of potential customers.
D. Merchants became the rulers of several important city states and amassed great wealth.

 

23.                (p. 147)The ________ were an important trading people during the first millennium B.C.E.
A. Phoenicians
B. Canaanites
C. Assyrians
D. Berbers

 

24.                (p. 148-149)The term commercial diaspora refers to which of the following?
A. the economic rather than military takeover of a given region
B. the employment of merchants by rulers to increase wealth and prosperity
C. the process by which merchants use their wealth to seize power in economically weak regions
D. the process by which a particular merchant/ethnic group comes to facilitate both trade and cultural exchange in a given region

 

 

 

25.                (p. 149)Which of the following best defines the term polis?
A. a city-state in which all the inhabitants were invested in a type of self-rule
B. a city-state based on the absolute rule of a single king or queen
C. the urban capitol of an empire
D. a city-state in which all inhabitants were equal

 

26.                (p. 150)The metics can most accurately be described as
A. a group of religious leaders in the Aegean region.
B. a group of civic leaders in the Aegean.
C. an exiled minority.
D. a type of Greek commercial diaspora.

 

27.                (p. 150)As compared to logographic systems of writing, alphabets
A. are more difficult to learn because they require the student to memorize thousands of different symbols.
B. are less capable of expressing complex human thoughts and ideas.
C. require the learner to memorize a far smaller number of characters and is consequently far easier to master.
D. spread slowly throughout Afroeurasia and encountered a great deal of resistance from rulers and scholars.

 

28.                (p. 150)One example of an alphabet is
A. cuneiform.
B. Phoenician.
C. hieroglyphs.
D. Chinese.

 

29.                (p. 150)By 600 B.C.E., which of the following peoples ruled most of western Europe?
A. the Celts
B. the Phoenicians
C. the Greeks
D. the Assyrians

 

 

 

30.                (p. 151)Etruscan wall paintings suggest what about this early European society?
A. Women likely held more power than men.
B. Men held more power than women.
C. Women and men may have enjoyed more equality than in other regions.
D. Priests held significant authority.

 

31.                (p. 151)Nubia was located in the region of modern-day
A. Egypt and Sudan.
B. Syria and Lebanon.
C. Turkey and Iraq.
D. Greece and Turkey.

 

32.                (p. 152)One consequence of the Kushite defeat by the Assyrians in the seventh century B.C.E. was
A. the collapse of the Nubian kingdom, never to rise to power again.
B. that Egyptian religious beliefs died out.
C. the adoption of iron weaponry by the Kushites.
D. that trade along the Nile came to a standstill.

 

33.                (p. 152)Hindi and Punjabi belong to which of the following language family group?
A. Semitic
B. Dravidian
C. Indo-European
D. Polynesian

 

34.                (p. 153)The term kshatriyas refers to which of the following?
A. Indic priests
B. leaders descended from Dravidian speakers
C. descendants of the Harappan civilization who rose to power in later centuries
D. descendants of the Indo-Europeans who eventually rose to power in North India

 

 

 

35.                (p. 153)Which of the following was a result of the arrival of Indo-European populations in the Ganges valley?
A. Farming shrank, and local populations returned to foraging.
B. Farming expanded, and several kingdoms arose in the region.
C. Indo-Europeans adopted the local Dravidian tongues.
D. The Harappan civilization was revived.

 

36.                (p. 153-154)Which of the following best summarizes the social structure of South Asia during the first millennium B.C.E.?
A. Society was rigidly structured into five distinct groups of people, all of which were charged with different duties and responsibilities.
B. Society was separated into two distinct groups: those who could own land and those who labored for their livelihood.
C. Society revolved around the priestly class who had jurisdiction over everyone, including secular rulers.
D. Society was unusually egalitarian, but all citizens were subject to the rule of a divinely appointed leader.

 

37.                (p. 154)The Brahmin class performed which of the following roles in society?
A. They were largely warriors.
B. They were largely laborers.
C. They performed religious rituals.
D. They were given the most menial tasks in society.

 

38.                (p. 154)An individual’s social position and duties in early India was determined by
A. wealth.
B. birth.
C. gender.
D. educational level.

 

 

 

39.                (p. 154)Brahmins used which of the following to enforce India’s rigid social structure?
A. monetary rewards
B. violence
C. the prospect of social mobility
D. notions of purity and impurity

 

40.                (p. 154-155)Brahmanism can best be described as
A. an Indic religion with a highly organized central authority.
B. a monotheistic religion adapted from the Israelites.
C. an Indic religion with a diverse array of beliefs and rituals.
D. an Indic religion in which rulers were seen as divine entities.

 

41.                (p. 155)Our knowledge of early Brahmanism is derived from which of the following?
A. the Old Testament
B. oral traditions
C. wall paintings
D. the Upanishads

 

42.                (p. 155)Which of the following concepts was an important feature of early Brahmanism?
A. the idea that suffering in life would enable an individual to more quickly unite with Brahmin in death
B. the idea that an individual would likely be reincarnated many times before he/she could reunite with the divine spirit known as Brahmin
C. the idea that interacting with and serving the poor in society would help you to reunite with Brahmin
D. the idea that matters such as class were misleading and diverted one from a righteous path

 

 

 

43.                (p. 155)Which of the following distinguished Brahmanism from other religions of the first millennium B.C.E.?
A. Brahmanism appealed to a wide spectrum of people from different ethnic and linguistic groups.
B. Brahmanism was monotheistic and believed in a single divine entity.
C. Brahmanism permitted women to obtain great religious authority.
D. Brahmanism rejected all forms of violence.

 

44.                (p. 156)Which of the following best describes the Mandate of Heaven?
A. the idea that Chinese rulers were divine beings themselves
B. the idea that only priests and other religious leaders could rule in China
C. the idea that Chinese rulers derived their authority from a divine force that could be revoked if rulers behaved poorly toward their subjects
D. the idea that Chinese rulers were endowed with their authority by a divine force, and no human could overthrow a ruler once approved by the heavens

 

45.                (p. 156)Which of the following is a true statement regarding the Zhou dynasty?
A. The Zhou monarch ruled his empire directly and managed the affairs of his kingdom personally.
B. The Zhou dynasty was extremely short-lived and only lasted about fifty years.
C. The Zhou rejected the notion of the Mandate of Heaven and ruled their territory ruthlessly.
D. The Zhou empire was highly decentralized, and the Zhou monarch ruled through dozens of representatives.

 

46.                (p. 156)Which of the following was a consequence of the collapse of the Zhou dynasty?
A. Rivalry among competing rulers promoted and accelerated military and other technological innovations.
B. China fell into an extended period of economic collapse and population implosion.
C. Foreign powers invaded the remnants of the Zhou dynasty, and Chinese culture was temporarily suppressed.
D. Smaller rulers entered into a relative period of peace in order to reestablish stability in urban centers as well as in the countryside.

 

 

 

47.                (p. 156)In order to build up their militaries, Chinese rulers during the first millennium B.C.E.
A. forced farmers and poor laborers into military service.
B. allowed women to enter the military ranks.
C. conscripted foreign soldiers to swell their ranks.
D. acknowledged the needs of farmers and laborers in order to compel them to take up military service.

 

48.                (p. 157)An increase in the use of bronze coins of various shapes in China during the first millennium B.C.E. indicates which of the following?
A. The Chinese had not yet discovered and adopted iron metallurgy.
B. The Chinese economy was expanding.
C. The lack of central leadership meant that no ruler could impose a single currency.
D. Money from across Afroeurasia circulated throughout China, confirming its place in the international network of trade.

 

49.                (p. 157)The Book of Songs is a critical source for information about which of the following?
A. the lives of Chinese rulers
B. the lives of Chinese priests
C. the lives of average Chinese men and women
D. the lives of great military heroes

 

50.                (p. 156)Rival rulers following the end of the Zhou dynasty frequently
A. attempted to establish their Zhou lineage in order to legitimize their rule.
B. married one another in order to bring peace and expand their rule.
C. sought to annihilate their enemies at all costs.
D. attempted to reestablish a more powerful and larger Zhou dynasty.

 

 

 

Essay Questions

51.                Discuss the introduction of iron metallurgy into Afroeurasian society. How did this new technology diffuse throughout Afroeurasia? How did iron metallurgy affect Afroeurasian societies, and what were the consequences of iron production on the environment?

Answers will vary

 

52.                Examine the changing nature of warfare during the first millennium B.C.E. What was the effect of the Sea People invasions on the manner in which war was waged in Southwest Asia? What were some of the significant changes in military structure and weaponry? Describe some of the practices rulers employed in order to avoid warfare with other states.

Answers will vary

 

53.                Explore the rise of the Hebrew faith. How were the religious beliefs of the Israelites different from other religious beliefs of the day, and how were they similar?

Answers will vary

 

54.                Define the term commercial diaspora. What role did commercial diasporas play in Afroeurasian society? Provide examples of diasporic communities that provided important commercial services. What was the position of these groups within the larger framework of Afroeurasian society? What were some of the significant changes in trading practices that enabled commercial diasporas to arise?

Answers will vary

 

 

 

55.                Describe the system of social organization that arose in South Asia during the first millennium B.C.E. What were some of the key consequences of the caste system that developed in early India? How was social class determined, and by what means were social norms enforced? How did this system of social organization fit into the larger trends of the day?

Answers will vary

 

56.                Discuss some of the fundamental beliefs of Brahmanism. What were some of the basic tenets of the Brahmanic faith? What were some of the distinguishing features of early Brahmanism, and how did Brahmanism parallel other religions of its time?

Answers will vary

 

57.                Examine the rise and fall of the Zhou dynasty. What were some of the important consequences of the Zhou collapse? Describe the Mandate of Heaven in first millennium B.C.E. China. How did this concept affect the relationship between Chinese rulers and their subjects?

Answers will vary