Physical Geology Exploring the Earth 6th Edition By James S. Monroe – Test Bank
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Sample
Questions
CHAPTER 20 ‑ TEST QUESTIONS
TRUE OR FALSE
1. Energy
use by the average global citizen has essentially remained constant over the
last 50 years.
ANSWER: false
2. Geologists
have a high profile when it comes to the role they play in human affairs.
ANSWER: false
3. The
solutions to environmental problems associated with rapid growth in population
are disciplinary, fairly specific, and require focused training or learning.
ANSWER: false
4. Human
settlement and civilization is dependent on a stable agricultural base.
ANSWER: true
5. Stable
and sedentary populations require fertile soils and a good water supply.
ANSWER: true
6. The
code of Hammurabi represents the world’s first regulation and is associated
with fair use of water for irrigation.
ANSWER: true
7. Terrain
has historically played a critical role in warfare. It is influenced by
geology.
ANSWER: true
8. In
this day of modern transport and technology, the role of geology in human
affairs has been minimized.
ANSWER: false
9. Humans
can impact Earth processes such as erosion but it is minimal.
ANSWER: false
10. Damming
a river causes both positive and negative impacts downstream.
ANSWER: true
MULTIPLE CHOICE
11. Development
of civilization on Earth require which of the following attributes related to
climate?
12. warm
climate and low sea level
13. warm
climate and stable sea level
*
C. stable climate and stable sea level
1. stable
climate and high sea level
12. Geology
plays a role in which of the following human affairs?
13. resource
availability and extraction
14. evaluating
human impacts on the environment
15. susceptibility
of humans to the impacts of natural hazards
16. environmental
restoration
*
E. all of the above
13. The
transition from nomadic existence to settled, sedentary communities was not
likely during the ice age because of which of the following?
*
A. the inability to establish a stable and reliable agricultural base
1. the
inability to stay warm in a glacial environment
2. the
lack of fertile soils
3. the
lack of surface water for irrigation
14. The
code of Hammurabi established regulations for which of the following?
15. building
irrigation systems
*
B. cooperative and fair use of water
1. determining
beneficial use of water
2. dealing
with drought
15. Which
of the following events caused the greatest challenge to established religion
in the 18th and 19th centuries?
16. eruption
of Vesuvius and the burial of Pompeii
17. a
devastating earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal
*
C. James Hutton’s work on the age of Earth
1. Hammurabi’s
code
16. Which
of the following resources was NOT part of international trade 2000 years ago?
17. gold
and silver
18. kaolinite
clay
19. amber
*
D. petroleum
17. Which
of the following consequences will result from increased soil erosion caused
from human impacts?
18. land
will slip into the sea
*
B. fertile soils will be destroyed
1. global
climate will change
2. rivers
will flood more frequently
18. Which
of the following impacts results downstream from a dam or reservoir?
19. buildup
of sediment
20. flooding
*
C. bank erosion and lowering of the water table
1. deposition
of fertile sediment
19. Which
of the following is considered by scientists to be a natural switch causing
climate change?
20. continent-wide
changes in land cover and land use
*
B. change in position of the thermocline
1. increased
cloudiness
2. decreased
summer precipitation
20. Which
of the following is NOT a potential solution to human-induced climate change?
21. storing
atmospheric CO2 underground
22. using
alternative fuels
23. growing
new forests and plantations
*
D. reducing development in glaciated areas
FILL-IN
21. ____________
_____________ is a special branch of earth science whose objective is to
develop solutions to earth and environmental problems we have created for
ourselves.
ANSWER: environmental geology
22. The
Code of Hammurabi dictated the fair use of __________.
ANSWER: water
23. The
first legal regulation, which dictated the fair use of water, was known as the
____________________.
ANSWER: Code of Hammurabi
24. Satellite
images and aerial photographs are used to determine attributes of a landscape,
a study known as ___________ ____________.
ANSWER: terrain analysis
25. An
earthquake near Lisbon, Portugal, in 1755 inspired Voltaire to write ______________.
ANSWER: Candide
26. Sensitive
environmental thresholds that cause rapid change in natural systems like
climate are called __________ ___________.
ANSWER: natural switches
27. The
boundary between shallower, warm seawater and deeper, colder seawater is known
as the ___________.
ANSWER: thermocline
28. ___________
___________ are the seaward extension of continental ice sheets.
ANSWER: ice shelves
29. Warmer
sea-surface temperatures and weaker trade winds produces a wetter, rainy season
known as ________________.
ANSWER: El Nino
30. Global
____________ at the start of the Holocene Epoch provided a favorable climate
for agriculture to thrive.
ASNWER: Warming
CRITICAL THINKING
31. Global
warming gave rise to civilization, but will devastate some of the same
populations in the future. Explain.
ANSWER: The warmer climate and
lower sea level associated with global warming 10,000 years ago created a
climate that enabled stable agriculture and maritime trade. The warming
today is occurring at a much greater rate and could warm the planet
sufficiently to change make some current agricultural areas prone to drought as
well as inundate coastal areas with sea level rise.
32. Should
dams continue to be built? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
dams.
ANSWER: Dams provide both advantages and
disadvantages. Advantages include flood control, water supply, and
hydroelectric power. Disadvantages include siltation, downstream erosion,
and lowering of the water table. Any community, region, or country
deciding whether to build a dam must weight both advantages and disadvantage,
taking into account downstream impacts.
33. Describe
what a natural switch is and provide an example of one.
ANSWER:
A natural switch is an environmental threshold which, once crossed, results in
a rapid change. An example of one would be an overturning of the
thermocline causing an El Niño–La Niña cycle.
SHORT ANSWER
34. The
advent of modern civilazation was dependent on what two conditions?
ANSWER: productive and reliable
agricultural base, stable sea level to carry on maritime trade
35. Describe
a historical event in which geology played a major role.
ANSWER: events in literature, such
as the writing of Candide, catastrophic events, such as the burial of Pompeii,
or military events, such as the Battle of Vicksburg
36. Describe
a long-term threat to global food supply.
ANSWER: either continued global
warming or soil erosion will have a lasting impact on production and fertility
of agricultural lands
37. List
several advantages to the construction of dams and reservoirs.
ANSWER: flood control, stable
water supply, hydroelectric power, recreation
38. List
several disadvantages to the construction of dams and reservoirs.
ANSWER: siltation and reduced
capacity, downstream bank erosion, lowering of the water table
39. What
is the impact of ice shelf collapse?
ANSWER: higher sea level resulting
from glacial movement into the seas
40. List
several ways to decrease the amount of CO2 in
the atmosphere.
ANSWER: use alternative fuels,
sequester CO2 by growing forests or plantations or storing it
underground
CHAPTER 16 ‑ TEST QUESTIONS
TRUE OR FALSE
1. Agriculture
is the primary user of groundwater in the United States.
ANSWER: true
2. Groundwater
supply demands have resulted in increased pollution but no lack of supply.
ANSWER: false
3. The
majority of Earth’s usable fresh water comes from lakes, rivers and streams.
ANSWER: false
4. Porosity
of igneous rocks is generally less than that of sedimentary rocks.
ANSWER: true
5. Groundwater
will move through any rock/sediment or soil that is porous.
ANSWER: false
6. Rocks
such as limestone, granite and gneiss cannot be groundwater reservoirs.
ANSWER: false
7. By
definition, the porosity of rocks/sediments consists of pore spaces between
particles/grains.
ANSWER: false
8. Most
detrital rocks are neither porous nor permeable.
ANSWER: false
9. A
poorly-sorted porous rock/sediment is as permeable as a well-sorted porous
rock/sediment.
ANSWER: false
10. If
rocks are porous rocks, then they are permeable also.
ANSWER: false
11. In
hilly country the groundwater table’s highest elevation occurs in stream
valleys and around lakes.
ANSWER: false
12. The
zone of saturation extends to an indefinite depth.
ANSWER: false
13. The
water in a well drilled into an unconfined aquifer will rise to the elevation
of the water table.
ANSWER: true
14. The
water in an artesian well drilled into a confined aquifer will rise in the well
above the elevation at which it was first encountered.
ANSWER: true
15. The
water table is flat, featureless surface between the zones of aeration and
saturation.
ANSWER: false
16. Water
may move upward, against the force of gravity.
ANSWER: true
17. A
spring forms where water under pressure “spring” up or shoots from the ground.
ANSWER: false
18. Caves
do not form in marble because it is a dense and hard rock.
ANSWER: false
19. As
long as limestone is present near the surface, karst topography will form in
any climate.
ANSWER: false
20. Saltwater
incursion occurs only along coastlines.
ANSWER: false
21. Subsidence
can occur as the result of extraction of oil.
ANSWER: true
22. Geysers
are hot springs formed where the temperature of the water is above boiling
point.
ANSWER: false
23. Once
an aquifer has been contaminated it “cleanses itself” rather rapidly because
the contaminants adhere to rock/sediment particles.
ANSWER: false
24. Groundwater
contamination is relatively easy to trace to its source and to contain.
ANSWER: false
MULTIPLE CHOICE
25. The
major source of groundwater is
26. water
infiltrating from lakes and streams
*
B. precipitation that infiltrates the ground
1. recharge
ponds
2. wastewater-treatment
systems
26. Which
of the following would be considered groundwater?
27. water
infiltrating from lakes and streams
28. water
infiltrating from precipitation
29. water
infiltrating from septic systems
30. water
infiltrating from the base of glaciers
*
E. all of the above
27. Which
of the following is most porous?
28. shale
29. siltstone
*
C. gravel
1. granite
2. limestone
28. Which
of the following is most permeable?
29. shale
30. siltstone
*
C. sandstone
1. limestone
2. quartzite
29. An
example of a rock type which could be a good aquifer is
30. shale.
*
B. sandstone.
1. clay.
2. basalt.
3. marble.
30. An
example of a rock/sediment type which could be an effective aquiclude is
31. quartz
sandstone.
32. arkose.
33. gravel.
*
D. shale.
1. graywacke.
31. Within
the zone of saturation, water always moves
32. under
the influence of gravity
33. from
high topographic positions to low topographic positions
*
C. from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
1. A and
B
2. all
of the above
32. Springs
occur where
33. streams
have cut valleys below the regional water table
34. where
an impermeable layer intersects the surface
35. where
a perched water table intersects the surface
36. seepage
occurs at the surface
*
E. all of the above.
33. The
Dakota Sandstone and Florida Aquifer are threatened primarily by
34. pollution.
35. subsidence.
36. saltwater
intrusion.
*
D. depletion.
1. lack
of recharge.
34. States
in which extensive karst topography exists include
35. Ohio,
Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia.
*
B. Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, and Missouri.
1. Minnesota,
Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas.
2. Wyoming,
Arizona, Colorado and Utah.
3. Michigan,
New York, and Ohio.
35. Conditions
needed for the development of karst topography include
36. humid
climate.
37. arid
climate.
38. carbonate
bedrock at a shallow depth.
*
D. A and C
1. all
of the above
36. The
water table is lowered when
*
A. discharge is less than recharge
1. drought
occurs
2. water
quality decreases
3. soil
moisture is evaporated
4. A and
D
37. Recharge
of groundwater is affected by
38. climate
change
39. seasonality
of climate
40. land
use and cover
41. pathways
of groundwater movement
*
E. all of the above
38. Current
production of groundwater from the High Plains Aquifer cannot be sustained
because
39. the
small farmer is increasingly not viable
*
B. recharge is less than discharge
1. discharge
is less than recharge
2. global
climate is warming because of human impacts
3. irrigation
will decrease in the future
39. One
of the reasons that geothermal energy is not as widely used as it could be
because
40. geothermal
waters are not common
41. it is
not cost-effective
42. geothermal
water is too hot to handle
43. it
has high greenhouse gas emissions
*
E. it is not inexhaustible
FILL-IN
40. In
regions of moderate to high rainfall the groundwater table is the same as the
level of water in __________ and __________.
ANSWER: streams, lakes
41. Within
the zone of saturation, groundwater flows from the region of (highest, lowest)
__________ pressure to the region of (highest, lowest) __________ pressure.
ANSWER: highest, lowest
42. Rounded
depressions and water-filled “holes” common in regions having limestone bedrock
are known as __________.
ANSWER: sinkholes
43. Saltwater
incursion occurs because saltwater is (less/more) __________ dense than fresh
water, and thus, remains (above/below) __________ fresh water unless discharge
pumping exceeds the recharge of fresh water and the cone of depression
(falls/rises) __________ to the level of water wells.
ANSWER: more, below, falls
44. Groundwater
erupting from geysers which contains dissolved calcium carbonate will form
deposits of __________ or __________ __________.
ANSWER: travertine, calcareous tufa
45. The
percentage of open space within the rock or sediment is known as its __________
and its capacity to transmit fluid is known as __________.
ANSWER: porosity, permeability
46. A(n)
___________ is a permeable layer which transports water
ANSWER: aquifer
47. ___________
activity may be due to the heating of water by ___________ or Earth’s
geothermal gradient.
ANSWER: hydrothermal, magma
48. Hard
water is a problem in areas underlain by ___________.
ANSWER: limestone or dolostone
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