Physical Geology 16th Edition by by Charles (Carlos) Plummer – Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Physical Geology, 16e (Plummer)

Chapter 3   Igneous Rocks, the Origin and Evolution of Magma, and Intrusive Activity

 

1) Rhyolite is considerably more common than granite.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

2) Diorite and andesite are composed of similar amounts of feldspars and ferromagnesian minerals.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

3) Lava is magma on the Earth’s surface.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

4) Extrusive igneous rocks are typically fine grained because they crystallized slowly, deep below the Earth’s surface.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

5) A dike is a discordant intrusive igneous structure.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

6) The geothermal gradient is the rate at which pressure increases with increasing depth beneath the surface.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

7) Mafic igneous rocks are silica-poor.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

8) A mineral’s melting point generally increases with increasing pressure.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

9) Although batholiths may contain mafic and intermediate rocks, they are almost never composed of granite.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

10) The sequence in which minerals crystallize in a cooling igneous melt is called Bowen’s Reaction Series.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

11) The continuous branch in Bowen’s Reaction Series contains the ferromagnesian minerals.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

12) A pluton is an igneous structure that crystallized at very shallow depths.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

13) Partial melting of the lower continental crust produces a silicic magma that eventually solidifies into granite or rhyolite.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

14) An ultramafic rock is composed almost entirely of quartz.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

15) The term mafic comes from the terms magnesium and ferric.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

16) The geothermal gradient for a volcanic region is greater than that for the continental interior.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

17) The melting point of a rock decreases with increasing pressure.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

18) Igneous rock names are based on grain shape and chemical composition.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

19) Pegmatites are extremely coarse-grained igneous rocks.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

20) Basaltic magmas crystallize at higher temperatures than granitic magmas.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

21) Igneous rocks may be either ________ if they form on or near Earth’s surface, or ________ if they solidify underground.

1.   A) intrusive; volcanic

2.   B) volcanic; extrusive

3.   C) extrusive; intrusive

4.   D) plutonic; intrusive

5.   E) intrusive; extrusive

 

Answer:  C

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

22) A useful tool illustrating the relationships among igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks is called the ________.

1.   A) weathering and erosion of surface features

2.   B) plate tectonic cycle

3.   C) relationships between preexisting rock

4.   D) rock cycle

5.   E) Bowen’s reaction series

 

Answer:  D

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

23) ________ are fragments of country rock that are distinct from the body of igneous rocks in which they are enclosed.

1.   A) Clasts

2.   B) Chill zones

3.   C) Phenocrysts

4.   D) Xenoliths

5.   E) Necks

 

Answer:  D

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

24) Under ideal conditions rock can melt and yield a granite composition at temperatures as low as ________.

1.   A) 100° Celsius

2.   B) 225° Celsius

3.   C) 333° Celsius

4.   D) 450° Celsius

5.   E) 650° Celsius

 

Answer:  E

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  3. Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

25) ________ igneous rocks, like gabbro and basalt, are silica-deficient with high magnesium and iron.

1.   A) Felsic/silicic

2.   B) Intermediate

3.   C) Mafic

4.   D) Intrusive

5.   E) Extrusive

 

Answer:  C

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

26) The geothermal gradient, on average, is about ________.

1.   A) 0.004°C/km

2.   B) 2.5°C/km

3.   C) 25°C/km

4.   D) 30°C/km

5.   E) 2500°C/km

 

Answer:  D

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

27) Mineralogically and chemically equivalent rocks are ________ and ________.

1.   A) granite; diorite

2.   B) gabbro; basalt

3.   C) mafic; ultramafic

4.   D) diorite; andesite

5.   E) felsic; intermediate

 

Answer:  C

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  3. Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

28) ________ is a coarse-grained igneous rock (grains > 1 mm diameter) with visible grains of quartz.

1.   A) Gabbro

2.   B) Granite

3.   C) Basalt

4.   D) Peridotite

5.   E) Andesite

 

Answer:  B

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

29) Fine-grained igneous rocks (grains < 1.0 mm) that have small grains cooled rapidly and are likely to be ________.

1.   A) extrusive

2.   B) reclusive

3.   C) intrusive

4.   D) obtrusive

5.   E) preclusive

 

Answer:  A

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

30) A ________ is a tabular (thin but large area) intrusive body that is concordant (parallel to the host rock structure).

1.   A) dike

2.   B) mantle

3.   C) threshold

4.   D) sill

5.   E) neck

 

Answer:  D

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

31) ________ are extremely coarse-grained with crystal up to 10 meters across.

1.   A) Granites

2.   B) Ultramafic

3.   C) Basalts

4.   D) Pegmatites

5.   E) Marbles

 

Answer:  D

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

32) ________ rocks have coarse crystals in a fine-grained matrix.

1.   A) Ultramafic

2.   B) Granite

3.   C) Sill

4.   D) Pegmatite

5.   E) Porphyritic

 

Answer:  E

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

33) Both andesite and ________ are composed of feldspars and 30% to 50% ferromagnesian minerals.

1.   A) granite

2.   B) diorite

3.   C) pegmatite

4.   D) gabbro

5.   E) rhyolite

 

Answer:  B

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

34) ________ are igneous rocks that are silica-deficient but high in iron and magnesium.

1.   A) Felsic

2.   B) Intermediate

3.   C) Oxide

4.   D) Mafic

5.   E) Sulfate

 

Answer:  D

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

35) Igneous rocks that are silica-rich with high aluminum, sodium, and potassium are ________ rocks.

1.   A) silicic

2.   B) ultramafic

3.   C) mafic

4.   D) extraterrestrial

5.   E) intermediate

 

Answer:  A

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

36) Ultramafic igneous rocks are composed almost entirely of ________.

1.   A) feldspar

2.   B) quartz

3.   C) ferromagnesian minerals

4.   D) calcite

5.   E) diamonds

 

Answer:  C

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

37) ________, a coarse-grained rock composed of pyroxene and olivine, is the most abundant ultramafic rock.

1.   A) Diorite

2.   B) Gabbro

3.   C) Granite

4.   D) Peridotite

5.   E) Hematite

 

Answer:  D

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

38) A ________ is an intrusive structure that formed from magma that solidified within the “throat” of a volcano.

1.   A) volcanic neck

2.   B) sill

3.   C) laccolith

4.   D) batholith

5.   E) diapir

 

Answer:  A

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

39) The most common minerals in a granite are the ________.

1.   A) oxides

2.   B) carbonates

3.   C) feldspars

4.   D) ferromagnesians

5.   E) micas

 

Answer:  C

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

40) ________ is the predominant igneous rock of the continents.

1.   A) Basalt

2.   B) Granite

3.   C) Rhyolite

4.   D) Gabbro

5.   E) Limestone

 

Answer:  B

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

41) The melting point of a mineral generally ________ with increasing pressure (or depth).

1.   A) does not change

2.   B) decreases

3.   C) increases

4.   D) becomes dependent on rock type

5.   E) is unknown

 

Answer:  C

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

42) The first plagioclase crystals to form as a hot melt cools are high in ________.

1.   A) iron

2.   B) calcium

3.   C) manganese

4.   D) carbonate

5.   E) lead

 

Answer:  B

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

43) Hawaii and ________ eruptions are related to intraplate igneous activity.

1.   A) Japan

2.   B) Cascade

3.   C) Yellowstone

4.   D) Honduras

5.   E) California

 

Answer:  C

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

44) Crystal settling accounts for important deposits of ________.

1.   A) chromium and platinum

2.   B) gold

3.   C) lead and zinc

4.   D) iron

5.   E) aluminum and silicon

 

Answer:  A

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

45) Geologists regard basaltic magma (Hawaiian lava, for example) as the result of the partial melting of ultramafic rock in the ________.

1.   A) oceanic crust

2.   B) continental crust

3.   C) mantle

4.   D) outer core

5.   E) inner core

 

Answer:  C

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

46) On its slow journey through the crust, mafic magma evolves into intermediate magma by differentiation and assimilation of ________.

1.   A) mantle rocks

2.   B) basalt

3.   C) gabbro

4.   D) silicic rocks

 

Answer:  D

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

47) Most of the basalt and gabbro on the ocean floor is created at mid oceanic ridges, which are also ________.

1.   A) divergent plate boundaries

2.   B) ocean-ocean convergent plate boundaries

3.   C) transform plate boundaries

4.   D) ocean-continent plate boundaries

5.   E) intraplate igneous areas

 

Answer:  A

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  3. Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

48) The crust beneath the world’s oceans is mafic ________.

1.   A) iron

2.   B) asthenosphere

3.   C) granite and rhyolite

4.   D) basalt and gabbro

5.   E) Answers iron, asthenosphere, and granite and rhyolite are all correct.

 

Answer:  D

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

49) How is a sill different from a dike?

1.   A) The sill is tabular in shape.

2.   B) Dikes are intrusive structures.

3.   C) Dikes are fine-grained and sills are coarse-grained.

4.   D) Sills are parallel to the layering in the country rock.

5.   E) A sill is shaped like a mattress, while a dike is shaped like a pillow.

 

Answer:  D

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

50) The coarse-grained equivalent of basalt is a(n) ________.

1.   A) andesite

2.   B) gabbro

3.   C) granite

4.   D) diorite

5.   E) rhyolite

 

Answer:  B

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

51) The huge volume of mafic magma that erupted to form the Columbia plateau basalts of Washington and Oregon are attributed to ________.

1.   A) sea floor spreading

2.   B) a hot mantle plume

3.   C) subduction

4.   D) magma mixing

5.   E) meteorite impact

 

Answer:  B

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

52) What type of melting takes place when a body of hot mantle rock moves upward and the pressure is reduced to the extent that the melting point drops to the temperature of the body?

1.   A) decompression melting

2.   B) subduction melting

3.   C) depressurized melting

4.   D) exfoliational melting

5.   E) mantle plume melting

 

Answer:  A

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

53) To explain the great volumes of granite plutonic rocks, most geologists think that partial melting of the ________ must take place.

1.   A) core

2.   B) lower mantle

3.   C) lower continental crust

4.   D) oceanic crust

5.   E) asthenosphere

 

Answer:  C

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

54) What is the sequence of crystallization along the discontinuous branch of Bowen’s reaction series?

1.   A) sodium-rich to calcium-rich plagioclase

2.   B) quartz, potassium feldspar, biotite

3.   C) silicic, felsic, mafic, intermediate

4.   D) olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite

5.   E) framework, double chain, single chain, sheet, isolated

 

Answer:  D

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

55) Mafic magma generated in the ________ rises to the base of the crust.

1.   A) continental crust

2.   B) outer core

3.   C) asthenosphere

4.   D) spreading ridges

5.   E) mantle plumes

 

Answer:  C

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

56) ________ lava is largely restricted to narrow zones along convergent plate boundaries.

1.   A) Granite

2.   B) Andesite

3.   C) Rhyolite

4.   D) Ultramafic

5.   E) Carbonate

 

Answer:  B

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

57) Granite and ________ are composed predominantly of feldspar and quartz.

1.   A) oceanic crust

2.   B) diorite

3.   C) basalt

4.   D) rhyolite

5.   E) ultramafics

 

Answer:  D

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  1. Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

58) Viscosity is a property of a fluid that relates to how easily the fluid flows. A material that is viscous ________.

1.   A) flows easily

2.   B) flows less easily

3.   C) is always hot

4.   D) is always a solid

5.   E) is always cold

 

Answer:  B

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

59) Imagine two magmas that are identical in all respects (for example, same chemistry, pressure, volume) except that one magma is hotter than the other. Which magma will have the higher viscosity?

1.   A) The hotter magma will be more viscous.

2.   B) The cooler magma will be more viscous.

3.   C) The magmas will have the same viscosity.

4.   D) There is not sufficient information to establish the relative viscosities of these magmas.

5.   E) Temperature does not affect magma viscosity.

 

Answer:  B

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  3. Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

60) What is the process through which magma differentiation takes place?

1.   A) crystal settling

2.   B) partial melting

3.   C) viscosity of the magma

4.   D) heating of the country rock

5.   E) subduction

 

Answer:  A

Topic:  Igneous Environments

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

61) What is the difference between magma and lava?

1.   A) Magma is colder than lava.

2.   B) Lava is gassier than magma.

3.   C) Magma has a higher silicate content than lava.

4.   D) Lava is above the Earth’s surface, whereas magma is below.

5.   E) There is no difference between magma and lava.

 

Answer:  D

Topic:  Rocks Subtopic: Magma

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

62) What is country rock?

1.   A) Older rock through which a younger igneous body intruded

2.   B) A general term for the most common rock within a geographical area

3.   C) An igneous intrusion that reaches the Earth’s surface

4.   D) Any light-colored igneous rock

5.   E) Any coarse-grained igneous rock

 

Answer:  A

Topic:  Rocks Subtopic: Igneous Rocks

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

63) If a geologist refers to an igneous rock as plutonic, she means that ________.

1.   A) it formed in the Precambrian

2.   B) she is not sure what type of rock it is

3.   C) it formed intrusively

4.   D) it is dark-colored

5.   E) its composition is high in silicate minerals

 

Answer:  C

Topic:  Rocks Subtopic: Igneous Rocks

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

64) What is the name of a vesicular, glassy-textured igneous rock formed from a viscous lava?

1.   A) Scoria

2.   B) Pumice

3.   C) Tuff

4.   D) Obsidian

5.   E) Volcanic breccia

 

Answer:  B

Topic:  Rocks Subtopic: Igneous Rocks

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

65) Considering Bowen’s reaction series, a mafic-rich magma will become ________ as it crystallizes.

1.   A) more silicic

2.   B) more mafic

3.   C) hotter

4.   D) darker in color

5.   E) less viscous

 

Answer:  A

Topic:  Rocks Subtopic: Magma

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

66) Partial melting of a rock will create a magma that is ________ than the composition of the original rock.

1.   A) more silicic

2.   B) more mafic

3.   C) hotter

4.   D) darker in color

5.   E) less viscous

 

Answer:  A

Topic:  Rocks Subtopic: Magma

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

67) Imagine that a blob of mafic magma and blob of felsic magma meet within the crust. What is the likely outcome?

1.   A) The result will be a new blob of magma and resulting igneous rock with a composition exactly intermediate between the two originals.

2.   B) The two original blobs will not mix and will maintain their own distinct characteristics.

3.   C) Most of the mafic magma would solidify into bits of basalt and gabbro with the felsic magma.

 

Answer:  C

Topic:  Rocks Subtopic: Magma

Bloom’s:  3. Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

68) The Sierra Nevada range in California is a good example of a granite ________.

1.   A) diapir

2.   B) sill

3.   C) volcanic neck

4.   D) stock

5.   E) batholith

 

Answer:  E

Topic:  Rocks Subtopic: Igneous Rocks

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

 

69) Mantle material within the overlying plate in a subduction zone will partially melt due to ________.

1.   A) the addition of heat

2.   B) the reduction of pressure

3.   C) the addition of water from the subducted plate

4.   D) friction as the underlying plate subducts

 

Answer:  C

Topic:  Rocks Subtopic: Magma

Bloom’s:  2. Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

70) A surface separating different rock types is called a

1.   A) xenolith

2.   B) contact

3.   C) chill zone

4.   D) none of the preceding

 

Answer:  B

Section:  03.01

Topic:  Geologic Structures

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03

 

71) The major difference between intrusive igneous rocks and extrusive igneous rocks is

1.   A) whether they solidify beneath or on the Earth’s surface

2.   B) chemical composition

3.   C) type of minerals

4.   D) all of the preceding

 

Answer:  A

Section:  03.01

Topic:  Rocks

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

Chapter:  03