Physical Geology 15Th Edition By Charles (Carlos) Plummer – Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 03

Igneous Rocks, Intrusive Activity, and the Origin of Igneous Rocks

 

True / False Questions

1.   Rhyolite is considerably more common than granite.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

2.   Diorite and andesite are composed of similar amounts of feldspars and ferromagnesian minerals.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

3.   Lava is magma on the Earth’s surface.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

4.   Extrusive igneous rocks are typically fine grained because they crystallized slowly, deep below the Earth’s surface.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

5.   A dike is a discordant intrusive igneous structure.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

6.   The geothermal gradient is the rate at which pressure increases with increasing depth beneath the surface.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

7.   Mafic igneous rocks are silica-poor.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

8.   A mineral’s melting point generally increases with increasing pressure.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

9.   Although batholiths may contain mafic and intermediate rocks, they almost never composed of granite.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

10.                The sequence in which minerals crystallize in a cooling igneous melt is called Bowen’s Reaction Series.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

11.                The continuous branch in Bowen’s Reaction Series contains the ferromagnesian minerals.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

12.                A pluton is an igneous structure that crystallized at very shallow depths.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

13.                Partial melting of the lower continental crust produces a silicic magma that eventually solidifies into granite or rhyolite.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

14.                An ultramafic rock is composed almost entirely of quartz.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

15.                The term mafic comes from the terms magnesium and ferric.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

16.                The geothermal gradient for a volcanic region is greater than that for the continental interior.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

17.                The melting point of a rock decreases with increasing pressure.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

18.                Igneous rock names are based on grain shape and chemical composition.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

19.                Pegmatites are extremely coarse-grained igneous rocks.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

20.                Basaltic magmas crystallize at higher temperatures than granitic magmas.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

Multiple Choice Questions

21.                Igneous rocks may be either ____ if they form on or near Earth’s surface, or ___ if they solidify under ground.
A.intrusive; volcanic
B. volcanic; extrusive
C. extrusive; intrusive
D. plutonic; intrusive
E. intrusive; extrusive

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

22.                A useful tool illustrating the relationships among igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks is called the ___.
A.weathering and erosion of surface features
B. plate tectonic cycle
C. relationships between preexisting rock
D. rock cycle
E. Bowen’s reaction series

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

23.                ______ are fragments of country rock that are distinct from the body of igneous rocks in which they are enclosed.
A.Clasts
B. Chill zones
C. Phenocrysts
D. Xenoliths
E. Necks

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

24.                Under ideal conditions rock can melt and yield a granite composition at temperatures as low as ___.
A.100° Celsius
B. 225° Celsius
C. 333° Celsius
D. 450° Celsius
E. 650° Celsius

 

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply
Topic: Igneous Environments

25.                ______ igneous rocks, like gabbro and basalt, are silica-deficient with high magnesium and iron.
A.Felsic/silicic
B. Intermediate
C. Mafic
D. Intrusive
E. Extrusive

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

26.                The geothermal gradient, on average, is about _____.
A.0.004°C/km
B. 2.5°C/km
C. 25°C/km
D. 30°C/km
E. 2500°C/km

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

27.                Mineralogically and chemically equivalent rocks are ___ and __.
A.granite; rhyolite
B. gabbro; basalt
C. diorite; andesite
D. mafic; ultramafic
E. intermediate; felsic

 

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply
Topic: Igneous Environments

28.                ___ is a coarse-grained igneous rock (grains > 1 mm diameter) with visible grains of quartz.
A.Gabbro
B. Granite
C. Basalt
D. Peridotite
E. Andesite

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

29.                Fine-grained igneous rocks (grains < 1.0 mm) that have small grains cooled rapidly and are likely to be _______.
A.extrusive
B. reclusive
C. intrusive
D. obtrusive
E. preclusive

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

30.                A _______ is a tabular (thin but large area) intrusive body that is concordant (parallel to the host rock structure).
A.dike
B. mantle
C. threshold
D. sill
E. neck

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

31.                ______ are extremely coarse-grained with crystal up to 10 meters across.
A.Granites
B. Ultramafic
C. Basalts
D. Pegmatites
E. Marbles

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

32.                _____ rocks have coarse crystals in a fine-grained matrix.
A.Ultramafic
B. Granite
C. Sill
D. Pegmatite
E. Porphyritic

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

33.                Both andesite and ___ are composed of feldspars and 30% to 50% ferromagnesian minerals.
A.granite
B. diorite
C. pegmatite
D. gabbro
E. rhyolite

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

34.                ___ are igneous rocks that are silica-deficient but high in iron and magnesium.
A.Felsic
B. Intermediate
C. Oxide
D. Mafic
E. Sulfate

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

35.                Igneous rocks that are silica-rich with high aluminum, sodium, and potassium are _____ rocks.
A.silicic
B. ultramafic
C. mafic
D. extraterrestrial
E. intermediate

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

36.                Ultramafic igneous rocks are composed almost entirely of __.
A.feldspar
B. quartz
C. ferromagnesian minerals
D. calcite
E. diamonds

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

37.                _____, a coarse-grained rock composed of pyroxene and olivine, is the most abundant ultramafic rock.
A.Diorite
B. Gabbro
C. Granite
D. Peridotite
E. Hematite

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

38.                A ______ is an intrusive structure that formed from magma that solidified within the “throat” of a volcano.
A.volcanic neck
B. sill
C. laccolith
D. batholith
E. diapir

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

39.                The most common minerals in a granite are the ______.
A.oxides
B. carbonates
C. feldspars
D. ferromagnesians
E. micas

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

40.                ______ is the predominant igneous rock of the continents.
A.Basalt
B. Granite
C. Rhyolite
D. Gabbro
E. Limestone

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

41.                The melting point of a mineral generally _____ with increasing pressure (or depth).
A.does not change
B. decreases
C. increases
D. becomes dependent on rock type
E. is unknown

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

42.                The first plagioclase crystals to form as a hot melt cools are high in ______.
A.iron
B. calcium
C. manganese
D. carbonate
E. lead

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

43.                Hawaii and __________ eruptions are related to intraplate igneous activity.
A.Japan
B. Cascade
C. Yellowstone
D. Honduras
E. California

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

44.                Crystal settling accounts for important deposits of ______.
A.chromium and platinum
B. gold
C. lead and zinc
D. iron
E. aluminum and silicon

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

45.                Geologists regard basaltic magma (Hawaiian lava, for example) as the result of the partial melting of ultramafic rock in the ____.
A.oceanic crust
B. continental crust
C. mantle
D. outer core
E. inner core

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

46.                On its slow journey through the crust, mafic magma evolves into intermediate magma by differentiation and assimilation of ______.
A.mantle rocks
B. basalt
C. gabbro
D. silicic rocks

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

47.                Most of the basalt and gabbro on the ocean floor is created at mid oceanic ridges, which are also ____.
A.divergent plate boundaries
B. ocean-ocean convergent plate boundaries
C. transform plate boundaries
D. ocean-continent plate boundaries
E. intraplate igneous areas

 

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply
Topic: Igneous Environments

48.                The crust beneath the world’s oceans is mafic ________.
A.iron
B. asthenosphere
C. granite and rhyolite
D. basalt and gabbro
E. Answers iron, asthenosphere, and granite and rhyolite are all correct.

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

49.                How is a sill different from a dike?
A.The sill is tabular in shape.
B. Dikes are intrusive structures.
C. Dikes are fine-grained and sills are coarse-grained.
D. Sills are parallel to the layering in the country rock.
E. A sill is shaped like a mattress, while a dike is shaped like a pillow.

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

50.                The coarse-grained equivalent of basalt is a(n) ______.
A.andesite
B. gabbro
C. granite
D. diorite
E. rhyolite

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

51.                The huge volume of mafic magma that erupted to form the Columbia plateau basalts of Washington and Oregon are attributed to ___.
A.sea floor spreading
B. a hot mantle plume
C. subduction
D. magma mixing
E. meteorite impact

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

52.                What type of melting takes place when a body of hot mantle rock moves upward and the pressure is reducted to the extent that the melting point drops to the temperature of the body?
A.decompression melting
B. subduction melting
C. depressurized melting
D. exfoliational melting
E. mantle plume melting

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

53.                To explain the great volumes of granite plutonic rocks, most geologists think that partial melting of the _______ must take place.
A.core
B. lower mantle
C. lower continental crust
D. oceanic crust
E. asthenosphere

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

54.                What is the sequence of crystallization along the discontinuous branch of Bowen’s reaction series?
A.sodium-rich to calcium-rich plagioclase
B. quartz, potassium feldspar, biotite
C. silicic, felsic, mafic, intermediate
D. olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite
E. framework, double chain, single chain, sheet, isolated

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

55.                Mafic magma generated in the _______ rises to the base of the crust.
A.continental crust
B. outer core
C. asthenosphere
D. spreading ridges
E. mantle plumes

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

56.                ________ lava is largely restricted to narrow zones along convergent plate boundaries.
A.Granite
B. Andesite
C. Rhyolite
D. Ultramafic
E. Carbonate

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

57.                Granite and ______ are composed predominantly of feldspar and quartz.
A.oceanic crust
B. diorite
C. basalt
D. rhyolite
E. ultramafics

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Igneous Environments

58.                Viscosity is a property of a fluid that relates to how easily the fluid flows. A material that is viscous __.
A.flows easily
B. flows less easily
C. is always hot
D. is always a solid
E. is always cold

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

59.                Imagine two magmas that are identical in all respects (for example, same chemistry, pressure, volume) except that one magma is hotter than the other. Which magma will have the higher viscosity?
A.The hotter magma will be more viscous.
B. The cooler magma will be more viscous.
C. The magmas will have the same viscosity.
D. There is not sufficient information to establish the relative viscosities of these magmas.
E. Temperature does not affect magma viscosity.

 

Bloom’s Level: 3. Apply
Topic: Igneous Environments

60.                What is the process through which magma differentiation takes place?
A.crystal settling
B. partial melting
C. viscosity of the magma
D. heating of the country rock
E. subduction

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Igneous Environments

 

Chapter 05

Weathering and Soil

 

True / False Questions

1.   The term mechanical weathering refers to changes in a rock that are physical; there is little or no chemical change.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

2.   Chemical weathering will eventually change a quartz crystal into clay minerals.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

3.   Because the crystal structure of ice is different from that of water, liquid water expands when it freezes.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

4.   Expanding ice in soil pushes large boulders down into the ground.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Soil

 

5.   The reduction of pressure on a body of rock can cause it to crack as it expands.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

6.   Plants, such as roots growing in cracks, and animals compacting the soil, have little influence on mechanical weathering.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

7.   All rocks chemically weather the same way.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

8.   Without chemical weathering, the elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would have long ago made the Earth too hot to sustain life.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

9.   Oxygen is abundant in the atmosphere but it does not combine with minerals of the Earth’s crust.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand

 

10.                An acid is a chemical compound that gives off hydrogen ions (H⁺) to a chemical reaction.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Weathering

11.                Hydrogen ions given off by natural acids can disrupt the crystal structure of most minerals, making the structure susceptible to further decomposition.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

12.                Ordinary rain has a pH of about 5.5 to 6 from the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and from natural sources of acidic sulfur gases.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

13.                The only processes that affect rock are weathering and climate.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

14.                When feldspar is attacked by carbonic acid it forms clay minerals.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Weathering

 

15.                The single most important agent for the chemical weathering is temperature.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

16.                Clay minerals help hold water and clay nutrients in soil.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Soil

17.                Because of the slow pace of weathering processes, it takes millions of years for a viable soil profile capable of supporting plant life to develop in most areas.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering
Topic: Soil

18.                The B-horizon in soil is the zone of accumulation.
TRUE

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Soil

19.                Transportation is the picking up or physical removal of rock particles by an agent such as running water or glaciers.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Erosion

 

20.                Sand-size grains of feldspar can be preserved in a soil profile over great time periods because of feldspar’s resistance to chemical weathering.
FALSE

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Soil

 

Multiple Choice Questions

21.                ___ is the picking up and physical removal of rock particles by an agent such as wind, flowing liquid water, or glaciers.
A.Weathering
B. Extraction
C. Erosion
D. Deposition
E. Provenance

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Erosion

22.                _______ refers to the group of destructive processes that change the physical and chemical character of rocks at the Earth’s surface.
A.Weathering
B. Extraction
C. Erosion
D. Deposition
E. Provenance

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Weathering

 

23.                Chemical weathering generally proceeds __.
A.at about the same rate throughout a rock body
B. fastest in the intact interior of a rock body, where ions easily move short distances from grain to grain
C. fastest on flat joint (crack) faces that are distant from any corners or edges
D. along contacts between mineral grains
E. fastest at the tip of growing cracks deep within the rock

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Weathering

24.                _______ is a byproduct of rock weathering.
A.Soil
B. Metamorphic rock
C. Igneous rock
D. Water
E. Oil

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Soil

25.                Water that has trickled down into a joint in a rock can freeze, expand, and _____.
A.glue the rock more tightly together
B. make the rock harder
C. seal the crack thereby preventing further weathering
D. widen the crack and hastening the rock’s disintegration
E. displace surface acids that may weaken the rock

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

 

26.                ____ tend(s) to weather much faster than sandstone.
A.Shale
B. Granite
C. Chert
D. Gneiss
E. Most other rock types

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

27.                Frost wedging is most effective __.
A.in areas with many days of freezing and thawing
B. in the winter when the rock is frozen solid for months on end
C. in the spring and fall in very dry desert areas where temperatures dip down below 0°C at night and above 0°C during the day
D. in the summer when abundant rainfall percolates through the cracks to freeze in contact with the very cold rock found deep below the surface

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Weathering

28.                The removal of a great weight of rock above a batholith by erosion allows the granite to expand forming ______.
A.sheet dikes
B. weathering rinds
C. sheet joints
D. cooling fractures
E. thermal cracks

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

 

29.                ______, formed as water evaporates inside small spaces in rock, helps disintegrate desert rocks.
A.Calcite
B. Salt
C. Quartz
D. Hematite
E. Ice

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Weathering

30.                Ferromagnesian minerals such as pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, and olivine are chemically altered in the presence of _____.
A.quartz
B. helium
C. oxygen
D. argon
E. mica

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

31.                ________ forms as a chemical weathering product of iron-rich minerals.
A.Hematite
B. Limonite
C. Quartz
D. Both hematite and limonite are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct.

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

 

32.                The ____ describes the process in which this dominant greenhouse gas circulates among Earth systems.
A.calcium cycle
B. sodium cycle
C. potassium cycle
D. helium cycle
E. carbon cycle

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Weathering

33.                Water can combine with iron oxide to form ______.
A.silica
B. limonite
C. calcium, sodium, or potassium ions
D. galena
E. hydrogen ions

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

34.                The most important natural source for the formation of acid for rock weathering at the Earth’s surface is dissolved _______.
A.carbon dioxide
B. hydrothermal effluent
C. seawater
D. mantle plumes
E. comets

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

 

35.                Sulfuric acid is produced naturally during __.
A.emission of soil gas
B. carbonate mineral decomposition
C. normal life functions of plants and animals
D. some volcanic eruptions
E. the weathering process

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Weathering

36.                _______ are commonly left after complete chemical weathering.
A.Olivine and calcium plagioclase
B. Orthoclase feldspars
C. Halite and gypsum
D. Calcite and dolomite
E. Quartz and clay minerals

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

37.                What, in terms of Earth systems, forms an essential interface between the geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere?
A.chert
B. quartz
C. soil
D. oxides of iron and aluminum
E. ferromagnesian minerals

 

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember
Topic: Soil

 

38.                When fossil fuels are burned _____, enter the atmosphere to form acid rain.
A.oxides of nitrogen (NO₂) and sulfur (SO₂)
B. hydrochloric acids
C. oxalic acids
D. hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
E. helium and argon

 

Bloom’s Level: 2. Understand
Topic: Weathering

39.                When feldspar is attacked by carbonic acid it forms _____.
A.water, clay, and potassium
B. a clay mineral
C. clays and halite
D. potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate ions
E. potassium feldspar, which does not undergo chemical weathering