Pharmacology A Patient Centered Nursing Process Approach 8th Edition-Kee -Hayes -Test Bank
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Chapter 03: Cultural and Pharmacogenetic Considerations
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The
nurse is performing a pain assessment on a patient of Asian descent. The
patient does not describe the pain when asked to do so and looks away from the
nurse. What will the nurse do next?
|
a. |
Ask the patient’s family
member to evaluate the patient’s pain. |
|
b. |
Conclude that the patient’s
pain is minimal. |
|
c. |
Evaluate the patient’s
non-verbal pain cues. |
|
d. |
Suspect that the patient is
experiencing severe pain. |
ANS: C
Patients of Asian descent might speak in soft tones and avoid
direct eye contact while being comfortable with long silences. It is not
correct to ask family members to evaluate pain. Without assessment of
non-verbal cues, the nurse cannot determine whether the pain is minimal or
severe.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying (Application)
REF: Page 23
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: Cultural Diversity
2. The
nurse is preparing to discuss long-term care needs with a patient newly
diagnosed with a chronic disease. The patient is of Latin American descent. The
nurse will plan to take which action when teaching this patient?
|
a. |
Discussing long-term
outcomes associated with compliance of the prescribed regimen |
|
b. |
Highlighting various
traditional healing practices that will not be effective for this patient’s
care |
|
c. |
Providing factual
information and answering all questions as they arise |
|
d. |
Providing teaching in
increments, allowing periods of silence to allow assimilation of information |
ANS: C
The nurse should provide factual information and answer
questions. Persons of Latin American descent have less dependence on time
schedules and do not tend to have a future orientation. They are not
comfortable with periods of silence. Nurses should be receptive to traditional
healing practices and seek ways to include those in care when they do not
hinder safe and effective care; highlighting practices that won’t work may
convey a lack of respect for these traditions.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 24
TOP: NURSING PROCESS:
Planning MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial
Integrity: Cultural Diversity
3. A
Native American patient has just been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The
nurse preparing a teaching plan for this patient understands that which aspect
of the disease and disease management may be most difficult for this patient?
|
a. |
Body image changes |
|
b. |
Management of meal and
medication schedules |
|
c. |
Perception of the disease
as punishment from God |
|
d. |
The sense of dependence on
others |
ANS: B
Non-European cultural groups such as those of Native American
descent have less dependence on time schedules. Disease management will likely
focus more on present concerns about alleviating current discomfort and less on
measures to promote long-term wellness or treat a chronic illness.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 24
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: Cultural Diversity
4. A
patient who is of Filipino descent is admitted to the hospital. The nurse goes
to the room to start intravenous fluids and to perform an admission assessment
and finds several family members in the room. Which action by the nurse is
appropriate?
|
a. |
Ask the family to wait in
the hallway until the admission tasks are completed. |
|
b. |
Determine which family
member is the family patriarch and address questions to him. |
|
c. |
Invite family members to
assist with appropriate tasks during the admission process. |
|
d. |
Provide chairs for family
members and ask them to stay seated during the admission. |
ANS: C
In general, the Filipino culture expects that family members
will stay at a patient’s bedside and participate in his or her care. The nurse
should include the family in appropriate tasks. It is not correct to ask the
family to wait in the hall or to sit in chairs and not participate. Filipino
families do not necessarily depend on family patriarchs.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 24
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Nursing Intervention
MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: Cultural Diversity
5. The
nurse is caring for a patient who is a member of the local Native American
community. The patient is refusing medications and treatments in spite of
repeated attempts to explain the importance of these interventions. Which is an
appropriate nursing action?
|
a. |
Ask a family member about
traditional healing practices that might be better accepted. |
|
b. |
Enlist the help of a family
member to explain the need for the medications and treatments. |
|
c. |
Find a hospital staff
member who is Native American to help provide teaching for this patient. |
|
d. |
Suggest a Social Work
consult to the patient’s provider. |
ANS: A
Members of some cultures may use traditional healers, and this
should be accommodated whenever possible. Showing respect for this patient’s
culture will help to establish trust and thus greater cooperation. It is
important for the nurse not to make generalizations within and among cultural
groups, so asking a family member to describe what this particular patient
needs is the better choice. Finding a hospital staff member who is Native
American assumes that all Native Americans have the same practices. Deferring
to a Social Worker is not necessary. Enlisting a family member to explain the
need for the medications is just another way of imposing treatments on this
person without respecting their cultural needs.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 24
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Nursing Intervention
MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: Cultural Diversity
6. The
nurse is caring for an African-American patient who appears to understand
instructions for self-care but does not carry out basic self-care tasks. The
nurse understands that the patient may
|
a. |
be poorly educated and lack
basic comprehension skills. |
|
b. |
need more time and personal
space to assimilate what is taught. |
|
c. |
require the use of
culturally appropriate words and phrases when teaching. |
|
d. |
view illness as punishment
and lack desire to change the outcome. |
ANS: C
African Americans may use a common style of speaking. This
vernacular English may be quite different in some cases from standard English,
so if things are misunderstood, it is possible that vernacular terminology may
need to be used. This vernacular English does not mean that patients are poorly
educated or uncommunicative. African Americans do not tend to need more space
and do not necessarily view illness as punishment.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 23
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: Cultural Diversity
7. The
nurse notes that a patient of African American descent who is taking an oral
antihypertensive medication continues to have elevated blood pressure three
months after beginning the medication regimen. The nurse suspects that the
patient may be
|
a. |
consuming ethnic foods that
interfere with absorption of the drug. |
|
b. |
discarding the medication. |
|
c. |
experiencing allergic
reactions to the medication. |
|
d. |
metabolizing the drug
differently than expected. |
ANS: D
Certain classifications of medications have different effects in
individuals whose genetic markers are predominantly characteristic of a certain
biologic group. African Americans respond poorly to several classes of
antihypertensive agents.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 25
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Evaluation MSC:
NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: Cultural Diversity
8. The
nurse is caring for a postoperative patient who is of Asian descent. The
patient reports little relief from pain even while taking an opioid analgesic
containing codeine and acetaminophen. What does the nurse suspect that this
patient is exhibiting?
|
a. |
Drug-seeking behavior |
|
b. |
Heightened pain perception |
|
c. |
Poor understanding of
expected drug effects |
|
d. |
Rapid metabolism of one of
the drug’s components |
ANS: D
Certain classifications of medications have different effects in
individuals whose genetic markers are predominantly characteristic of a certain
biologic group. Persons of Asian descent may have a decreased response to some
drugs because they are more likely to have higher levels of CYP2D6 enzymes.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 25
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: Cultural Diversity
9. The
nurse is caring for an African-American patient who is taking warfarin
(Coumadin) to prevent blood clots. The nurse will monitor this patient
carefully for which effect?
|
a. |
Decreased therapeutic
effects |
|
b. |
Heightened risk for
hemorrhage |
|
c. |
Increased risk of
hypersensitivity |
|
d. |
Potential risk of
paradoxical effects |
ANS: A
Certain classifications of medications have different effects in
individuals whose genetic markers are predominantly characteristic of a certain
biologic group. African-American patients will tend to have a decreased
therapeutic effect from warfarin (Coumadin).
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 26
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity: Cultural Diversity
Chapter 04: Drug Interactions and Over-the-Counter Drugs
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A
patient has been taking a drug for several years and tells the nurse it is no
longer working. The nurse learns that the patient has recently begun taking an
over-the-counter antacid medication. What does the nurse suspect is occurring?
|
a. |
An adverse drug reaction |
|
b. |
A drug interaction |
|
c. |
Drug incompatibility |
|
d. |
Drug tolerance |
ANS: B
Drug interactions are an altered or modified action or effect of
a drug as a result of interaction with one or more other drugs. An adverse drug
reaction can occur with one or more drugs and has effects ranging from mild to
severe toxicity. Drug incompatibility is a chemical reaction of two or more
drugs that occurs in vitro. Drug tolerance is the development of reduced
response to a medication over time.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 30
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Evaluation
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
2. The
nurse is preparing to administer two intravenous medications that should not be
given using the same IV tubing. The nurse understands that this is because of
drug
|
a. |
adverse reactions. |
|
b. |
incompatibility. |
|
c. |
interactions. |
|
d. |
potentiation. |
ANS: B
Drugs that are incompatible cannot be mixed together in solution
and cannot be mixed in a syringe, IV bag, or other artificial environment.
Adverse reactions are symptoms occurring from drug effects. Drug interactions
occur in vivo. Potentiation is when one drug causes an enhanced response in
another drug.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 30
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Nursing Intervention
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
3. The
nurse is teaching a patient who will begin taking ciprofloxacin. What
instruction will the nurse include when teaching this patient about this drug?
|
a. |
“Do not take this
medication with oral contraceptive pills.” |
|
b. |
“Take at least 1 hour after
or 2 hours before taking antacids.” |
|
c. |
“Take in the morning with
your multivitamin tablet.” |
|
d. |
“Take with milk to reduce
gastric upset.” |
ANS: B
Dairy products, multivitamins, and antacids should be avoided 1 hour
before and 2 hours after taking ciprofloxacin because these products contain
divalent cations that form a drug complex that prevents absorption of the
ciprofloxacin.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 30
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Nursing Intervention: Patient
Teaching
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
4. A
patient who takes a drug that undergoes gastric absorption will begin taking an
opioid analgesic after sustaining an injury in a motor vehicle accident. The
nurse will observe the patient closely for which effects?
|
a. |
Decreased effects of the
first drug |
|
b. |
Increased effects of the
first drug |
|
c. |
Decreased effects of the
narcotic |
|
d. |
Increased effects of the narcotic |
ANS: B
Opioids slow gastric emptying, allowing more time for drugs
absorbed in the stomach to be absorbed. The nurse should expect increased
effects of the first drug.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying (Application)
REF: Page 30
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Evaluation
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
5. The
nurse is preparing to administer erythromycin to a patient who takes digoxin.
The nurse will plan to monitor the patient for
|
a. |
digoxin toxicity. |
|
b. |
decreased digoxin effects. |
|
c. |
erythromycin toxicity. |
|
d. |
decreased erythromycin
effects. |
ANS: A
Intestinal flora have the ability to metabolize digoxin, and any
drug that destroys or inhibits growth of these gastrointestinal microflora can
increase digoxin levels leading to toxicity.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 35
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Evaluation
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
6. A
young adult female patient who takes a combination oral contraceptive (OCP)
will begin taking an antibiotic. When teaching the patient about this
medication, the nurse will
|
a. |
recommend using a backup method
of contraception. |
|
b. |
suggest that she switch to
an injectable form of contraception. |
|
c. |
tell her that the
antibiotic is less effective if she is taking OCPs. |
|
d. |
tell her the antibiotic has
a greater risk for toxicity while taking OCPs. |
ANS: A
Gut bacteria are necessary to hydrolyze estrogen conjugates into
free estrogens. Concurrent antibiotic administration can alter these bacteria
and prevent the optimal absorption and effectiveness of OCPs. A backup
contraceptive method is recommended.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 30
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Nursing Intervention: Patient
Teaching
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
7. A
patient has been taking warfarin (Coumadin), which is highly protein-bound. The
patient will begin taking gemfibrozil, which is also highly protein-bound. The
nurse will observe the patient closely for
|
a. |
decreased effects of
warfarin. |
|
b. |
increased effects of
warfarin. |
|
c. |
decreased effects of
gemfibrozil. |
|
d. |
decreased effects of both
drugs. |
ANS: B
The addition of a highly protein-bound drug will compete with
warfarin for protein- binding sites, releasing more free warfarin into the
system, increasing drug effects and increasing the chance of toxicity.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 30
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Evaluation
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
8. A
patient is taking phenytoin to prevent seizures. The nurse knows that phenytoin
is highly protein-bound and has sedative side effects. The nurse reviews the
patient’s chart and notes a low serum albumin. The nurse will notify the
provider and observe the patient for which effects?
|
a. |
Decreased sedative effects |
|
b. |
Increased sedative effects |
|
c. |
Increased seizures |
|
d. |
No change in effects |
ANS: B
Phenytoin is protein-bound. When patients have a low serum
albumin, there are fewer protein-binding sites, leaving more free drug in the
system. The nurse should expect an increase in sedative side effects.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Pages 30-31
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Evaluation
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
9. A
patient who takes the anticoagulant warfarin will begin taking the
anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine. The nurse reviews the drug information for
these drugs and learns that carbamazepine is a hepatic enzyme inducer. The
nurse anticipates that the provider will make which dosage adjustment?
|
a. |
Decrease the dose of
carbamazepine |
|
b. |
Increase the dose of
carbamazepine |
|
c. |
Decrease the dose of
warfarin |
|
d. |
Increase the dose of
warfarin |
ANS: D
Carbamazepine is a hepatic enzyme inducer, which can increase
drug metabolism. Patients taking both drugs usually need a larger dose of
warfarin.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 31
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Planning
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
10. The
nurse is caring for a patient who receives theophylline, which has a narrow
therapeutic index. The patient has been receiving cimetidine but will stop taking
that drug in 2 days. In 2 days, the nurse will observe the patient closely for
|
a. |
decreased effectiveness of
theophylline. |
|
b. |
increased effectiveness of
theophylline. |
|
c. |
decreased toxicity of
theophylline. |
|
d. |
prolonged effectiveness of theophylline. |
ANS: B
Cimetidine is an enzyme inhibitor that decreases the metabolism
of drugs such as theophylline. If the cimetidine is discontinued, the
theophylline dose should be decreased to avoid toxicity. The nurse should
observe the patient for increased theophylline effects.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 31
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Evaluation
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
11. The
nurse is caring for a patient who takes digoxin to treat heart failure. The
provider orders furosemide to treat edema. The nurse will monitor the patient
for digitalis toxicity because of
|
a. |
adverse drug reactions
caused by giving these drugs in combination. |
|
b. |
altered hepatic blood flow
caused by the furosemide. |
|
c. |
changes in reabsorption of
water and electrolytes in the kidneys. |
|
d. |
additive effects of these
two drugs given together. |
ANS: C
Diuretics such as furosemide promote water and sodium excretion
from the renal tubules, especially sodium and potassium. Hypokalemia can
result, and this will enhance the action of digoxin, and digitalis toxicity can
occur.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 31
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Evaluation
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
12. A
patient will receive penicillin to treat an infection. The provider orders
probenecid (Probalan), a medication to treat gout, even though the patient does
not have gout. Which action by the nurse is correct?
|
a. |
Administer the drug since
the provider ordered it. |
|
b. |
Recognize that it is being
given prophylactically. |
|
c. |
Refuse to administer the
medication since it is not indicated. |
|
d. |
Verify that it is being
given for its secondary action. |
ANS: D
Two or more drugs with the same route of excretion may compete
with each other for elimination. Probenecid is given because it inhibits the
excretion of penicillin, which may be desirable when the provider wants to
prolong the plasma concentration of penicillin. The nurse should always verify
an order that may not be clear.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 32
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Nursing Intervention
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
13. The
nurse is preparing to administer meperidine (Demerol), which is an opioid
analgesic, and promethazine (Phenergan), which is an antiemetic and
antihistamine. The nurse understands that these drugs are given in combination
for which reason?
|
a. |
They have antagonistic
effects to reduce nausea. |
|
b. |
They have additive effects
to enhance analgesia. |
|
c. |
They have potentiating
effects to decrease an allergic response. |
|
d. |
They have synergistic
effects to increase sedation. |
ANS: D
Meperidine and promethazine have a synergistic effect on each
other with a clinical effect that is substantially greater than the combined
effect of the two.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Understanding (Comprehension)
REF: Page 33
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Nursing Intervention
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
14. The
provider has ordered amoxicillin with clavulanate (Augmentin) for a child who
has otitis media. The child’s parent asks why this drug is necessary when
amoxicillin is less expensive. The nurse will explain that clavulanate is added
to amoxicillin because it
|
a. |
binds with albumin to
increase the amount of available amoxicillin. |
|
b. |
broadens the spectrum of
amoxicillin by inhibiting bacterial enzymes. |
|
c. |
inhibits hepatic blood
flow, leading to increased serum drug levels of amoxicillin. |
|
d. |
inhibits the excretion of
amoxicillin by interfering with renal function. |
ANS: B
Clavulanate is a bacterial enzyme inhibitor, specifically
beta-lactamase, which inactivates amoxicillin. When added to amoxicillin, it
broadens the antibacterial spectrum.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 33
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Nursing Intervention: Patient
Teaching
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
15. The
nurse assesses a patient who is receiving morphine sulfate intravenously using
a patient-controlled analgesia pump. The nurse notes somnolence and respiratory
depression, which are signs of morphine toxicity. The nurse will prepare to
administer naloxone (Narcan) because it
|
a. |
has synergistic effects
with morphine. |
|
b. |
is a narcotic agonist. |
|
c. |
is a narcotic antagonist. |
|
d. |
potentiates narcotic
effects. |
ANS: C
Naloxone is a narcotic antagonist, meaning that it reverses the
effects of morphine by blocking morphine receptor sites.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 33
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Nursing Intervention
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
16. The
nurse is teaching a patient about a drug that causes photosensitivity. Which
statement by the patient indicates a need for further teaching?
|
a. |
“I should apply sunscreen
with a sun protection factor greater than 15.” |
|
b. |
“I should avoid sunlight
when possible while taking this drug.” |
|
c. |
“I will wear protective
clothing when I am outdoors.” |
|
d. |
“I will wear sunglasses
even while I am indoors.” |
ANS: D
Drugs that cause photosensitivity make sunburn more likely, so
patients should stay out of the sun, wear protective clothing, and use
sunscreen with an SPF greater than 15. It is not necessary to wear sunglasses
indoors.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 34
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Nursing Intervention
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
17. A
patient asks the nurse about using over-the-counter (OTC) medications. The
nurse will tell the patient that OTC medications
|
a. |
are not as effective as
prescription medications. |
|
b. |
are not as safe as
prescription medications. |
|
c. |
have fewer side effects and
drug interactions than prescription medications. |
|
d. |
should be included when
listing any medications taken by the patient. |
ANS: D
OTC medications should always be included when listing
medications because they can cause drug interactions. OTC medications can be as
effective and as safe as prescription medications and have as many side effects
and adverse reactions.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 36
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Nursing Intervention
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
18. A
patient who takes warfarin (Coumadin) asks the nurse about taking a medication
for headaches. The nurse will recommend which medication?
|
a. |
Acetaminophen |
|
b. |
Aspirin |
|
c. |
Ibuprofen |
|
d. |
No medication |
ANS: A
Aspirin and NSAIDs can increase the risk of hemorrhage in
patients taking anticoagulants. Acetaminophen is safe and may be recommended.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Understanding
(Comprehension) REF: Page 37
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Nursing Intervention
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
19. The
nurse is educating the parent of a 20-month-old toddler about over-the-counter
(OTC) products to treat cold symptoms. Which statement by the parent indicates
understanding of the teaching?
|
a. |
“I should check with the
provider for proper dosing instructions.” |
|
b. |
“OTC medications are less
potent and have minimal side effects.” |
|
c. |
“OTC medications can be
given to children younger than 2 years old.” |
|
d. |
“Using OTC medications may
prevent accurate diagnosis of respiratory illness.” |
ANS: D
OTC cold medications can mask symptoms and prevent accurate
diagnosis of potentially serious illnesses. Their use in children is not
recommended.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Applying
(Application)
REF: Page 37
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Nursing Intervention
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Which
patients are at high risk for drug interactions? (Select all that apply.)
|
a. |
Patients who are acutely
ill |
|
b. |
Patients who are taking
multiple medications |
|
c. |
Patients who see several
specialists |
|
d. |
Patients who take
supplements and OTC medications |
|
e. |
Patients who use one
pharmacy for several medications |
ANS: B, C, D
Patients who have chronic health conditions, take multiple
medications, see more than one provider, and use supplements and OTC
medications are at higher risk for drug interactions.
DIF: COGNITIVE LEVEL: Understanding
(Comprehension) REF: Page 29
TOP: NURSING PROCESS: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and
Parenteral Therapies
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