Personality Psychology Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature 6th Edition by Randy Larsen – Test Bank
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Chapter 03
Traits and Trait Taxonomies
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Most
personality psychologists hypothesize that traits:
A.are
perhaps enduring over time.
B. are reasonably unstable over time.
C. are inconsistent over situations.
D. are similar in all people.
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2. Which
of the following is NOT a fundamental question that guides those who study
personality traits?
A.How
can traits be changed?
B. How should traits be conceptualized?
C. How can the most important traits be identified from among the
thousands of ways in which individuals differ?
D. How can a comprehensive taxonomy of traits be developed?
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3. Which
of the following statements is true about psychologists who view traits as
internal dispositions?
A.They avoid prejudging the cause of an individual’s behavior.
B. They argue that the important individual differences among people must
be first identified and described, and subsequently causal theories to explain
them must be developed.
C. They define traits simply as descriptive summaries of attributes of
persons.
D. They
believe that traits can lie dormant in the sense that the capacities remain
present even when particular behaviors are not actually expressed.
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4. Which
of the following is of the view that a trait is a descriptive summary of the
general trend in a person’s behavior?
A.Eysenck’s theory
B. The theoretical approach
C. The
act frequency approach
D. The theory of sociosexual orientation
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5. In
the context of the act frequency approach, a robin is more _____ of the bird
category than a penguin.
A.prototypical
B. aerodynamical
C. orthodontic
D. elemental
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6. Which
of the following is NOT a key element of the act frequency approach?
A.Act nomination
B. Assessing
synonym frequency
C. Recording of act performance
D. Prototypicality judgment
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7. Which
of the following procedures helps researchers to identify hundreds of acts
belonging to various trait categories?
A.Act
nomination
B. Act effectiveness
C. Act performance
D. Act likelihood
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8. Robert
conducts research to study the trait of empathy using the act frequency
approach. Each participant is asked to list the specific acts or behaviors that
they are most likely to associate with highly empathetic people. Robert
collects a pool of 251 empathetic acts. This scenario exemplifies the act _____
procedure of the act frequency approach.
A.nominalization
B. nomenclature
C. nomination
D. nomothetic
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9. In
the context of the act frequency approach, which of the following involves
identifying the acts that are most central to each trait category?
A.Act nomination
B. Synonym frequency
C. Cross-cultural universality
D. Prototypicality
judgment
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10.
Which of the following is the final step in the act frequency
approach?
A.To identify the acts that are most central to each trait category
B. To
secure information on the actual performance of individuals in their daily
lives
C. To identify which acts belong in which trait categories
D. To secure information on the importance of different traits in social
communication
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11.
If the act “she made direct eye contact and smiled” is central
to the category of flirting, it would be considered a(n) _____ act for that
category of behavior.
A.effective
B. likely
C. prototypical
D. centrifugal
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12.
Which of the following is a criticism of the act frequency
approach?
A.It is of little help in making explicit the behavioral phenomena to which
most trait terms refer.
B. It is not able to explore the meaning of important traits that have
proven difficult to study.
C. It
does not specify how much context should be included in the description of a
trait-relevant act.
D. It fails to identify cultural similarities and differences in the
behavioral manifestation of traits.
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13.
The approach that uses the natural language as its logical
starting point is the _____ approach.
A.lexical
B. theoretical
C. statistical
D. act frequency
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14.
Which of the following states that all important individual
differences have become encoded within the natural language?
A.The
lexical hypothesis
B. The projective hypothesis
C. Factor analysis
D. A personality taxonomy
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15.
Which of the following statements is true of the lexical
approach?
A.The importance of a trait term is independent of the number of its synonyms
found within any one language.
B. All
traits listed and defined in the dictionary form the basis of describing
differences among people.
C. Personality-descriptive nouns are extraordinarily important in social
communication.
D. The trait terms that exist in only one or a few languages serve as a
potential candidate for a universal taxonomy of personality traits.
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16.
According to the lexical approach, if a trait term exists in
only one or a few languages, then it may be _____.
A.imported by other languages
B. important to a universal personality taxonomy
C. of
only local relevance
D. known only to personality psychologists
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17.
Which of the following will help identify important personality
traits in the lexical approach?
A.Finding
the number of synonyms for a trait in the corresponding lexicon
B. Determining if a trait is conveyed through different parts of speech,
including adjectives, nouns, and adverbs
C. Examining the corresponding lexicon for biological words that represent
a trait
D. Determining if there are words representing each end of a trait in the
natural language
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18.
Which of the following indicates that the more important is an
individual difference in human transactions, the more languages will have a
term for it?
A.Cross-cultural
universality
B. Intellect-openness
C. Synonym frequency
D. Act frequency formulation
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19.
Which of the following concepts indicates that if an attribute
has not merely one or two trait adjectives to describe it but rather many
words, then it is a more important dimension of individual difference?
A.Adjacency
B. Synonym
frequency
C. Cross-cultural universality
D. Orthogonality
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20.
Which of the following approaches yields the criteria of synonym
frequency and cross-cultural universality for identifying important personality
traits?
A.The
lexical approach
B. The theoretical approach
C. The statistical approach
D. The act frequency approach
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21.
A problem with the lexical approach is that:
A.it
inadequately explores personality nouns.
B. its success is limited by an existing theory that it uses to determine
important variables.
C. it lays undue emphasis on a hierarchical structure of heritable traits.
D. it is unable to identify universally important traits in human affairs.
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22.
Which of the following approaches uses the statistical procedure
of factor analysis?
A.The lexical approach
B. The theoretical approach
C. The
statistical approach
D. The act frequency approach
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23.
The five-factor model was originally based on a combination of
the _____ approaches.
A.lexical
and statistical
B. theoretical and statistical
C. act frequency and statistical
D. theoretical and act frequency
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24.
Which of the following statements is true about factor analysis?
A.It believes that the trait terms that are useful to people in social
communication have become encoded within the natural language.
B. It starts with the notion that traits are categories of acts.
C. It uses an existing theory of personality to determine which traits are
important.
D. It
essentially identifies clusters of personality items that covary but tend to
deviate from other groups of items.
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25.
_____ is a statistical approach that identifies groups of items
that are similar to each other.
A.The lexical hypothesis
B. Factor
analysis
C. The act frequency approach
D. Rational scale construction
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26.
Factor loadings indicate the _____ between an item and an
underlying factor.
A.correlation
B. deviation
C. analysis
D. kurtosis
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27.
Which of the following is useful in reducing the number of
personality traits to a more manageable number?
A.Synonym frequency
B. The act frequency approach
C. Factor
analysis
D. Cross-cultural universality
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28.
A problem with factor analysis is that:
A.it leads to a less manageable number of traits.
B. researchers
need to pay close attention to their initial selection of items.
C. factor loadings work are like correlations.
D. it reduces the number of traits being studied.
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29.
Which of the following is a feature of the theoretical approach?
A.A theory is used to view all important traits as captured by the natural
language.
B. A
theory is used to determine variables that are important.
C. A theory is used to reduce a large array of diverse personality traits
into a cluster of traits that covary.
D. A theory is primarily used to classify acts into trait categories.
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30.
Psychologists Simpson and Gangestad developed the concept of
sociosexuality based on the evolutionary theory. They developed the sociosexual
orientation hypothesis based on this concept. They most likely employed the
_____ approach to developing the hypothesis.
A.lexical
B. theoretical
C. statistical
D. act frequency
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31.
A Freudian scholar develops measures to assess “the oral
personality” and “the anal personality.” The scholar is most likely to use the
_____ approach to identify important individual differences.
A.psychoanalytic
B. theoretical
C. regressive
D. clinical
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32.
Which of the following is a criticism of the theoretical
approach?
A.It
can only be as good as a theory.
B. It is a theoretically based approach.
C. It depends on the lexical hypothesis.
D. It has restricted its identification of important traits to adjectives.
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33.
Who among the following was raised in Germany and intended to
study physics but began to study psychology almost by chance?
A.Raymond Cattell
B. Jerry Wiggins
C. Hans
Eysenck
D. Timothy Leary
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34.
Who among the following developed a model of personality that
included three main traits?
A.Raymond Cattell
B. Jerry Wiggins
C. Hans
Eysenck
D. Timothy Leary
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35.
Which of the following taxonomies was developed based on the
traits that were believed to be highly heritable and had a likely
psychophysiological foundation?
A.Eysenck’s
personality taxonomy
B. Cattell’s taxonomy
C. The Wiggins circumplex model
D. The five-factor model
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36.
According to Hans Eysenck’s personality taxonomy, a worrier
would most likely score high on the trait of:
A.extraversion.
B. neuroticism.
C. psychoticism.
D. quarrelsomeness.
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37.
Juanita likes to spend more time alone. She prefers to lead a
predictable and well-organized life. According to Hans Eysenck’s personality
taxonomy, Juanita would most likely score high on the trait of:
A.introversion.
B. conscientiousness.
C. agency.
D. psychoticism.
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38.
Fiona is an excessive worrier. She always seems tense and has
trouble sleeping. Her friends report that she has very low self-esteem and is
usually moody. According to Hans Eysenck’s personality taxonomy, Fiona would
most likely score high on the trait of:
A.introversion.
B. quarrelsomeness.
C. psychoticism.
D. neuroticism.
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39.
According to Hans Eysenck’s personality taxonomy, a person who
is antisocial and lacks empathy would most likely score high on the trait of:
A.extraversion.
B. neuroticism.
C. psychoticism.
D. introversion.
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40.
Jerry is a loner, and he likes to catch flies and pull their
wings off. He is also addicted to violent movies. According to Hans Eysenck’s
personality taxonomy, Jerry is most likely to score high on the personality
trait of:
A.introversion.
B. psychoticism.
C. sensation seeking.
D. neuroticism.
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41.
Which of the following trait taxonomies includes a four-level
hierarchy consisting of specific acts, habitual acts, traits, and super-traits?
A.Eysenck’s
personality taxonomy
B. Cattell’s taxonomy
C. The Wiggins circumplex model
D. The five-factor model
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42.
In Hans Eysenck’s hierarchical model, each super-trait is at:
A.the
top of the hierarchy.
B. the bottom of the hierarchy.
C. an intermediate level in the hierarchy.
D. the third level of the hierarchy.
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43.
Which of the following is NOT an attribute of Hans Eysenck’s
personality taxonomy?
A.It has a hierarchical structure.
B. Traits are heritable.
C. Traits
have many synonyms.
D. Traits have physiological substrates.
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44.
In Hans Eysenck’s formulation, which of the following traits is
supposed to be linked with central nervous system arousal or reactivity?
A.Extraversion
B. Neuroticism
C. Psychoticism
D. Dominance
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45.
Which of the following is a limitation of Hans Eysenck’s
personality taxonomy?
A.The super-traits in the taxonomy do not have moderate heritabilities.
B. Some
important traits might have been missed in the taxonomy.
C. The traits in the model fail to have an identifiable physiological
substrate.
D. There is a dispute about whether personality traits are arranged
hierarchically.
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46.
Who among the following was one of the most prominent advocates
of circular representations of personality and formalized the circular model
with modern statistical techniques?
A.Fiske
B. Raymond Cattell
C. Hans Eysenck
D. Timothy
Leary
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47.
In the context of the circumplex taxonomies of personality,
which of the following refers to what people do to and with each other?
A.Factor loadings
B. Adjacent traits
C. Bipolar traits
D. Interpersonal
traits
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48.
The Wiggins circumplex model is composed of _____ primary
dimensions of personality.
A.two
B. three
C. five
D. eight
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49.
The dimensions of _____ and love define the two major axes of
the Wiggins circumplex.
A.hate
B. status
C. interpersonal behavior
D. neuroticism
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50.
In the context of the Wiggins circumplex model, individual
differences:
A.have a biological basis in the nervous system.
B. pertain
to what people do to and with each other.
C. show how people interact with the environment.
D. were found in the LSD experiences of subjects.
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51.
Which of the following is NOT a clear advantage of the Wiggins
circumplex model of personality?
A.The relationship of each trait and every other trait within the model is
specified.
B. It provides an explicit definition of interpersonal behavior.
C. It alerts researchers to gaps in investigations of interpersonal
behavior.
D. The
relationships between traits can be traced to biologically based traits.
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52.
According to the Wiggins circumplex model, the concept of _____
holds that the variables that are next to each other within the model are
positively correlated.
A.adjacency
B. bipolarity
C. orthogonality
D. factor analysis
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53.
In the Wiggins circumplex model, traits that are bipolar are:
A.related to clinical disorders.
B. uncorrelated with each other.
C. located
at opposite sides of the circumplex.
D. orthogonal to each other.
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54.
In the Wiggins circumplex model, traits that are orthogonal to
each other _____ with each other.
A.are
not correlated
B. have a strong positive correlation
C. have a negative correlation
D. are causally linked
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55.
In the context of the Wiggins circumplex model, _____ specifies
that traits that are perpendicular to each other on the model are entirely
unrelated to each other.
A.adjacency
B. bipolarity
C. orthogonality
D. polarity
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56.
According to the Wiggins circumplex model, the traits of
dominance and agreeableness are:
A.adjacent.
B. bipolar.
C. orthogonal.
D. opposites in polarity.
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57.
Which of the following is a limitation of the Wiggins circumplex
model?
A.It fails to alert investigators to gaps in investigations of interpersonal
behavior.
B. The
interpersonal map provided by this model is restricted to two dimensions.
C. It is not able to specify the relationships between each trait and
every other trait within the model.
D. The definition of interpersonal behavior provided by this model is not
explicit and precise.
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58.
In the past few decades, the taxonomy of personality traits that
has received the most attention and support from personality researchers has
been _____.
A.the PEN model
B. Cattell’s taxonomy of 16 personality traits
C. the Wiggins circumplex
D. the
five-factor model
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59.
The five-factor model was originally based on a combination of
the _____ approaches.
A.lexical
and statistical
B. lexical and biological
C. theoretical and statistical
D. statistical and causal
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60.
In the context of the five-factor model, which of the following
was used by Allport and Odbert to identify 17,953 trait terms?
A.Act nominations
B. Self reports
C. The
English dictionary
D. Peer ratings
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61.
In the context of the five-factor model, which of the following
is NOT one of the four lists into which Allport and Odbert divided the
laboriously identified 17,953 trait terms?
A.Stable traits
B. Unstable
traits
C. Temporary states
D. Social evaluations
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62.
In the context of the five-factor model, who among the following
used the 4,500 presumably stable traits identified by Allport and Odbert as a
starting point for his lexical analysis of personality traits?
A.Raymond
Cattell
B. Fiske
C. Norman
D. Christal
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63.
Who among the following is noted as the first person to discover
a version of the five-factor model but is not credited with having identified
its precise structure?
A.Raymond Cattell
B. Gordon Allport
C. Fiske
D. Tupes
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64.
The five-factor model of personality consists of the Big Five
traits, namely _____.
A.surgency, sensation seeking, conscientious, psychoticism, and
openness-intellect
B. extraversion, surgency, agreeableness, intellect, and dominance
C. psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, and
openness-intellect
D. surgency,
agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness-intellect
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65.
Which of the following is a problem with the five-factor model?
A.The five factors are found only in males.
B. The model does not replicate in studies using English-language trait
words as items.
C. There
is uncertainty about the content, naming, and replicability of the fifth
factor.
D. Most factors do not replicate across cultures and languages.
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66.
In the context of the five-factor model, which of the following
is a reason for disagreement about the content and replicability of the fifth
factor?
A.Cross-cultural researchers have been unable to study the fifth factor across
different languages.
B. Different
researchers start with different item pools to factor analyze.
C. Researchers who use questionnaire items tend to prefer openness to
experience as a trait label.
D. Researchers who use trait adjectives endorse intellect as the meaning
and label of the fifth factor.
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67.
According to Norman’s markers for the Big Five, a person who is
good-natured and cooperative would score high on the trait of:
A.surgency.
B. agreeableness.
C. conscientiousness.
D. emotional stability.
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68.
According to Norman’s markers for the Big Five, a person who is
responsible and tidy would score high on the trait of:
A.surgency.
B. agreeableness.
C. conscientiousness.
D. emotional stability.
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69.
In the context of Goldberg’s key adjective markers of the Big
Five, identify a scenario based on Mike et al. (2014) studies that best exemplifies
an individual who would most likely score high on conscientiousness.
A.Simone has decided to represent her company in an upcoming event.
B. Jenifer
has opted to do volunteer work post her retirement.
C. Keith has opted to pursue his career in theater.
D. Jonathon has decided to adopt an injured puppy that was found near his
workplace.
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70.
Joshua is extremely talkative and can liven up any social
gathering. He does not believe in retirement plans and would rather spend his
money on vacations. His family enjoys the solitude of mountains; however, he
prefers beach holidays. In the context of the empirical correlates of the Big
Five factors, Joshua is most likely to score high on _____.
A.emotional stability
B. conscientiousness
C. agreeableness
D. extraversion
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71.
In the context of the empirical correlates of the Big Five
factors, individuals high in openness:
A.are highly likely to hold negative racial stereotypes.
B. have a tunnel vision and are able to easily ignore competing stimuli.
C. are highly unlikely to engage in cross-sex friendships on social
networks.
D. show
higher levels of musical sophistication.
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72.
In the context of the combinations of Big Five variables, which
of the following combinations is most likely to make a good computer wiz?
A.High psychoticism, high agreeableness, and high neuroticism
B. High neuroticism, low conscientiousness, and low emotional stability
C. High agreeableness, low openness, and extraversion
D. High
conscientiousness, high openness, and introversion
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73.
In the context of the combinations of Big Five variables,
obedience to authority in a Milgram-like experiment is more likely among
people:
A.high in extraversion and high in neuroticism.
B. high
in conscientiousness and high in agreeableness.
C. low in extraversion and low in emotional stability.
D. low in openness to experience and low in psychoticism.
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74.
In the context of the combinations of Big Five variables, a
person who engages in risky sexual behavior would have which of the following
combinations of five-factor traits?
A.High
extraversion, high neuroticism, low conscientious, and low agreeableness
B. High extraversion, low conscientiousness, and moderate emotional
stability
C. High extraversion, high openness to experience, and low
conscientiousness
D. High neuroticism, low intellect, and low extraversion
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75.
In the context of the combinations of Big Five variables,
happiness and experiencing positive affect in everyday life are best predicted
by:
A.high conscientious and high agreeableness.
B. high extraversion and high agreeableness.
C. high
extraversion and low neuroticism.
D. high intellect and low neuroticism.
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76.
In the context of the HEXACO model, individuals low on
honesty-humility are:
A.less likely to violate social contracts.
B. more
likely to boast about their personal accomplishments.
C. less likely to sabotage others in their work environment.
D. more likely to forgive their former romantic partners on being
rejected.
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Chapter 05
Personality Dispositions over Time: Stability, Coherence, and
Change
Multiple Choice Questions
1. _____
can be defined as the continuities, consistencies, and stabilities in people
over time and the ways in which people change over time.
A.Personality
development
B. Rank order stability
C. Mean level stability
D. Personality coherence
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2. When
people maintain their relative positions in a group over time, the group
displays high:
A.mean level stability.
B. rank
order stability.
C. personality coherence.
D. situational specificity.
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3. When
measuring heights of individuals between ages 14 and 20, one is most likely to
observe high:
A.mean level stability.
B. rank
order stability.
C. rank order instability.
D. mean level change.
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4. When
the average level of a trait in a group remains constant over time, the group
displays high:
A.mean level change.
B. mean
level stability.
C. rank order stability.
D. rank order instability.
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5. Sensation
seeking tends to decrease with age; this exemplifies:
A.mean
level change.
B. mean level stability.
C. rank order stability.
D. rank order instability.
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6. If
the average degree of political orientation changes in a population—for
example, if people tend to get increasingly conservative as they get older—then
that population is displaying:
A.mean
level change.
B. mean level stability.
C. rank order stability.
D. rank order change.
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7. A
form of personality development that is characterized by an individual
maintaining rank order in relation to other individuals but changing the
manifestations of the trait is called:
A.mean level stability.
B. rank order stability.
C. personality
coherence.
D. mean level change.
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8. Children
who cry when their mothers leave them are highly likely to have many
short-lived relationships as adults. This illustrates _____.
A.mean level stability
B. mean level change
C. rank order stability
D. personality
coherence
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9. As a
child, Maria was an excellent student and completed her homework on time. As an
adult, she is a highly organized businesswoman and is able to meet project
deadlines. This scenario most likely exemplifies:
A.personality
coherence.
B. mean level reliability.
C. rank order stability.
D. mean level stability.
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10.
A case study of Mahatma Gandhi best illustrates:
A.how personality changes over time.
B. how
personality can remain stable over time.
C. the concept of rank order stability.
D. the traits that are correlated with leadership skills.
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11.
Freud’s theory of psychosexual development is an example of
personality change at the _____ level of analysis.
A.population
B. group differences
C. individual differences
D. individual uniqueness
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12.
Which of the following forms of personality development is NOT
located at the group differences level of personality analysis?
A.Gender differences in the degree of empathy toward others
B. Cultural differences in coming-of-age rituals
C. Arousal
differences that correlate with extraversion
D. Ethnic differences in body image satisfaction
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13.
_____ is usually defined as the individual differences that
emerge very early in life, are likely to have a heritable basis, and are often
involved with emotionality or arousability.
A.Trait
B. Temperament
C. Personality development
D. Disposition
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14.
The _____ of personality analysis helps predict who will be at
risk for a psychological disturbance later in life based on earlier measures of
personality.
A.population level
B. group differences level
C. individual
differences level
D. cultural differences level
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15.
Mary Rothbart and Hwang (2005), studied infants at different
ages and found that:
A.stability
of temperament tends to increase as infants mature.
B. stability of temperament tends to be higher over long intervals of
time.
C. stable individual differences appear to emerge in mid-life.
D. most temperament variables are highly unstable over time during the
first year of life.
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16.
Personality differences usually can be first observed in:
A.early
infancy.
B. late infancy.
C. adolescence.
D. adulthood.
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17.
According to Mary Rothbart and Hwang (2005), which of the
following factors of temperament is probably the most stable?
A.Activity
level
B. Fear
C. Duration of orienting
D. Soothability
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18.
Mary Rothbart and Hwang (2005) studied infants at different ages
and found that temperament is:
A.unstable.
B. more stable in early infancy.
C. more
stable over short intervals of time.
D. more stable over long intervals of time.
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19.
The correlations between same measures obtained at two different
points in time are called:
A.validity coefficients.
B. stability
coefficients.
C. zero-order correlation coefficients.
D. rank-order correlation coefficients.
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20.
The correlations between different measures of a single trait
obtained at the same time are called:
A.validity
coefficients.
B. stability coefficients.
C. zero-order correlation coefficients.
D. rank-order correlation coefficients.
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21.
The Block and Block Longitudinal Study, which initiated the
testing of a sample of more than 100 children from the Berkeley-Oakland area of
California when the children were 3 years old, found:
A.stability
in activity level over time.
B. less stability over short intervals of time.
C. more stability over long intervals of time.
D. a lack of personality coherence.
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22.
According to Dan Olweus (1979), children classified as bullies
in Grade 6 were more likely to _____.
A.become popular in Grade 10
B. become “whipping boys” by Grade 7
C. become
criminals in adulthood
D. have been bullied by parents
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