Personality Psychology Domain of Knowledge about Human Nature 5th Edition by Randy J. Larsen -Test Bank
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Sample
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c3
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Which
of the following is NOT a major question addressed by the dispositional domain?
A. How many traits exist?
B. How do traits interact with situations to produce behavior?
C. How can we best measure traits?
D. Which traits are unconscious?
2. The
dispositional domain deals with personality problems
A. through psychoanalysis.
B. through cognitive therapy.
C. by examining important similarities and differences between people.
D. by altering reward and punishment contingencies.
3. The
dispositional domain focuses on traits that
A. are enduring over time.
B. change over time.
C. change when situations change.
D. are similar in all people.
4. Which
of the following is NOT a fundamental question of people who study traits?
A. How can traits be changed?
B. How should “trait” be defined?
C. How can we identify which traits are most important?
D. How can we develop a comprehensive taxonomy of traits?
5. The
“traits as causes” perspective on personality characteristics is useful in all
of the following areas EXCEPT
A. ruling out alternative explanations for behavior.
B. explaining why a person’s behavior seems inconsistent with a trait at
times.
C. viewing traits as internal structures.
D. counting how often a behavior is performed.
6. Ellen
works into the night studying for chemistry and biology examinations to reach
her goal of entering medical school. She studies so hard that she often appears
bored and uninterested in class. Which of the following trait formulations best
explains Ellen’s personality characteristics?
A. Traits as internal causes.
B. Traits as purely descriptive summary.
C. Traits as biological structure.
D. Traits as genetic predisposition.
7. From
the “traits as descriptive summaries” point of view, which of the following
would be the most convincing evidence that a person has a given trait?
A. The person behaves in ways consistent with that trait.
B. The person says that they have the trait.
C. The person’s behavior is caused by situations.
D. The person’s traits are caused by biology and heredity.
8. If
the trait of stinginess is viewed as a purely descriptive summary of behavior,
it can be represented best by
A. Mary’s constant thoughts about spending too much money.
B. Andrew always leaving a very small tip at restaurants.
C. Beth living with several roommates.
D. George not contributing for a gift for a stranger.
9. Which
of the following is an example of the view that traits are descriptive
summaries?
A. Eysenck’s theory
B. Theoretical scale construction
C. The act frequency approach
D. The sociosexual orientation scale
10. If
you collect the central behaviors for a category and assess how frequently
people perform those behaviors you would be using the act _____ approach to
studying personality.
A. manipulation
B. selection
C. frequency
D. analysis
11. A
robin is a more _____ example of bird than is a penguin.
A. prototypical
B. aerodynamic
C. orthodontic
D. elemental
12. The
“frequency” part of the “act frequency approach” represents how often an
individual performs a behavior in a period of time. This element of the act
frequency approach is assessed by act _____ ratings.
A. nomination
B. performance
C. occurrence
D. repetition
13. The
_____ identifies how much of a trait a person has by counting relevant
behaviors.
A. circumplex model
B. act frequency approach
C. rational approach to scale construction
D. theoretical approach to scale construction
14. Which
of the following is NOT typically a step in the act frequency approach?
A. Act nominations
B. Assessing synonym frequency
C. Recording of act performance
D. Prototypicality judgments
15. What
procedure do researchers use to identify the potential hundreds of acts that
belong to a trait category?
A. Act nominations
B. Act effectiveness
C. Act performance
D. Act likelihood
16. Roberto
is interested in studying the trait of empathy using the act frequency
approach. He asks each of the participants in this phase of his study to write
down several behaviors highly empathetic people might perform. Roberto collects
a pool of 251 empathetic acts. This is called the act _____ procedure of the
act frequency approach.
A. nominalization
B. nomenclature
C. nomination
D. nomothetic
17. _____
used by the act frequency approach to figure out which acts are most central to
a trait category.
A. Act nominations are
B. Assessing synonym frequency is
C. Recording of act performance is
D. Prototypicality judgments are
18. If
the act “she made direct eye contact and smiled” is central to the category of
flirting, it would be considered a(n) _____ act for that category of behavior.
A. effective
B. likely
C. prototypical
D. centrifugal
19. Which
of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of the act frequency approach to
studying personality?
A. The amount of context for the performance of acts is not specified by
the act frequency approach.
B. The act frequency approach does not assess acts that are covert or
directly observable.
C. The act frequency approach assesses explicit behavioral phenomenon.
D. The act frequency approach may not assess complex traits easily or
accurately.
20. The
approach that uses natural language to identify important traits is the _____
approach.
A. lexical
B. theoretical
C. statistical
D. act frequency
21. The
idea that all important individual differences have been encoded within the
natural language is known as
A. the lexical hypothesis.
B. the projective hypothesis.
C. factor analysis.
D. a personality taxonomy.
22. The
lexical approach assumes that
A. the lexicon is an unchanging catalog of human traits.
B. humans invented words to describe all of the important personality
traits.
C. statistical techniques, like factor analysis, are poor ways of
discovering important personality traits.
D. new words in the lexicon are better at describing personality traits
than old words.
23. Dr.
Larsen is interested in researching the personalities of dweebs. He collects
all the terms in the Dweeb Talk Dictionary that can differentiate one dweeb
from another dweeb. Dr. Larsen is the using the ______ approach to identifying
important traits.
A. maniacal
B. statistical
C. prototypical
D. lexical
24. If a
trait-descriptive word is found in only one or two languages the word
A. will probably be imported by other languages.
B. will probably be important to a universal personality taxonomy.
C. will probably not be included in a universal personality taxonomy.
D. is probably known only to personality psychologists.
25. Which
of the following would be one way that you might determine the importance of a
trait using the lexical strategy?
A. Find the number of synonyms for that characteristic in the lexicon.
B. Determine if that trait is represented in all parts of the lexicon
(noun, verb, adjective, etc.).
C. Examine the lexicon for biological words that represent that trait.
D. Determine if there are words representing each pole (end) of that trait
in the language.
26. Which
approach would most likely be used to undertake cross-cultural comparisons of
language?
A. Lexical approach
B. Theoretical approach
C. Statistical approach
D. Act frequency approach
27. If a
trait is sufficiently important that it appears in the lexicon of most human
languages, then that trait demonstrates the concept of _____ universality.
A. act
B. cross-cultural
C. trait
D. synonym
28. The
idea that Eskimo language has many words for snow is most consistent with the
_____ approach.
A. lexical
B. theoretical
C. statistical
D. act frequency
29. The
fact that there are trait-descriptive adjectives that few people know is a
problem for the _____ approach.
A. lexical
B. theoretical
C. statistical
D. act frequency
30. Which
of the following approaches would utilize the technique of factor analysis?
A. Lexical approach
B. Theoretical approach
C. Statistical approach
D. Act frequency approach
31. When
Cattell used factor analysis to reduce the number of trait descriptive
adjectives in his pool, he was combining the _____ approaches.
A. lexical and statistical
B. theoretical and statistical
C. act frequency and statistical
D. theoretical and act frequency
32. Factor
analysis can be applied to
A. adjective ratings.
B. a true/false questionnaire.
C. self-ratings on personality relevant statements.
D. all of these choices.
33. _____
is a statistical approach that identifies groups of items that are similar to
each other.
A. Orthogonality
B. Factor analysis
C. The act frequency approach
D. Rational scale construction
34. Factor
loadings indicate the _____ between an item and a factor.
A. correlation
B. deviation
C. analysis
D. kurtosis
35. Which
of the following is useful in reducing the number of personality traits to a
more manageable number?
A. Synonym frequency
B. The act frequency approach
C. Factor analysis
D. Cross-cultural universality
36. A
problem with factor analysis is that
A. it leads to an unmanageable number of traits.
B. you can only identify traits that you include in your analysis.
C. factor loadings are like correlations.
D. it reduces the number of traits being studied.
37. A
researcher who defines a specific set of traits as a part of a model of
personality before conducting any empirical investigation of that model of
personality is taking the _____ approach to theory development.
A. lexical
B. theoretical
C. statistical
D. empirical
38. Psychologists
Simpson and Gangestad developed the concept of sociosexuality based on
evolutionary theory. Then they developed the sociosexual orientation inventory.
They employed the _____ approach to developing a model of personality.
A. lexical
B. theoretical
C. statistical
D. act frequency
39. Fred
believes that the having a large big toe is related to how extraverted a person
may be and having a large small toe is an indicator of how conscientious a
person may be. He then starts measuring toe size and personality traits. Fred’s
research represents the _____ approach to studying personality.
A. act frequency
B. lexical
C. statistical
D. theoretical
40. A
Freudian scholar develops personality measures to assess oral, anal, and
phallic fixations. The scholar is using the _____ approach to identifying
important individual differences.
A. psychoanalytic
B. theoretical
C. regressive
D. clinical
41. Which
of the following is a criticism of the theoretical approach?
A. The approach can only be as good as the theory.
B. It is theoretically based.
C. It depends on the lexical hypothesis.
D. It has restricted investigations to adjectives.
42. Which
of the following researchers was born in Germany and wanted to study physics
before studying psychology?
A. Cattell
B. Wiggins
C. Eysenck
D. Leary
43. Whose
model of personality includes three main traits?
A. Cattell
B. Wiggins
C. Eysenck
D. Leary
44. Which
taxonomy was developed by identifying traits that were thought to be heritable
and thought to have biological substrates?
A. PEN model
B. Cattell’s taxonomy of 16 traits
C. The Leary circumplex
D. The five factor model
45. A
worrier would likely score high on the trait of
A. extraversion.
B. neuroticism.
C. psychoticism.
D. quarrelsomeness.
46. Juanita
is observed as being somewhat aloof and distant. She tends to lead a predictable
and well-organized life. Juanita is demonstrating behaviors related to
Eysenck’s dimension of
A. introversion.
B. conscientiousness.
C. agency.
D. psychoticism.
47. Fu is
an excessive worrier, who always seems tense and has trouble sleeping. His friends
report that Fu has very low self-esteem and is moody much of the time. Fu is
demonstrating behaviors related to Eysenck’s dimension of
A. introversion.
B. quarrelsomeness.
C. psychoticism.
D. neuroticism.
48. A
person who is antisocial and lacks empathy would score high on the trait of
A. extraversion.
B. neuroticism.
C. psychoticism.
D. introversion
49. Jerry
is a loner who likes to catch flies and pull their wings off. He is also
addicted to violent movies. Jerry most likely scores high on the personality
trait of
A. introversion.
B. psychoticism.
C. sensation seeking.
D. neuroticism.
50. Which
taxonomy includes a four-level hierarchy of specific acts, habitual acts,
traits, and super traits?
A. The PEN model
B. Cattell’s taxonomy of 16 traits
C. The Leary circumplex
D. The five-factor model
51. Eysenck
put the most important traits at
A. the top of his hierarchy.
B. the bottom of his hierarchy.
C. an intermediate level in his hierarchy.
D. the third level of his hierarchy.
52. Which
of the following is NOT an attribute of Eysenck’s taxonomy?
A. Hierarchical structure.
B. Traits are heritable.
C. Traits have many synonyms.
D. Traits have physiological substrates.
53. According
to Eysenck, which of the following traits is related to central nervous system
arousal and reactivity?
A. Extraversion
B. Neuroticism
C. Psychoticism
D. Dominance
54. Eysenck’s
taxonomy has been criticized on which one of these issues?
A. The traits in Eysenck’s model are not heritable in the population.
B. Eysenck failed to include some important personality traits in his
model.
C. Eysenck did not take the physiological substrates of traits into
consideration in his model.
D. There is a dispute about whether or not personality traits are arranged
hierarchically.
55. Which
of the following psychologists was born in England, moved to America, and used
factor analysis to identify major traits?
A. Cattell
B. Wiggins
C. Eysenck
D. Leary
56. Which
personality researcher named his traits with letters (similar to the way
vitamins are named)?
A. Cattell
B. Wiggins
C. Eysenck
D. Leary
57. Cattell’s
taxonomy included _____ traits.
A. two
B. three
C. five
D. 16
58. Cattell
believed that the true factors of personality were
A. based primarily in human biology.
B. found across different sources of data.
C. arranged in a circumplex.
D. found only in the natural language.
59. Cattell’s
model of personality has been criticized on the grounds that
A. he published over a thousand pages a year during his most productive
years.
B. his empirical strategies were weak and ill-defined.
C. his model of personality has failed to be replicated by other
researchers.
D. his views on personality traits were biased and, therefore, were
ignored by most researchers.
60. Who
of the following was the first to propose a circumplex model of personality?
A. Cattell
B. Wiggins
C. Eysenck
D. Leary
61. _____
are traits that describe how people act with other people.
A. Factor loadings
B. Adjacent traits
C. Bipolar traits
D. Interpersonal traits
62. Circumplex
models are composed of _____ primary dimensions of personality.
A. two
B. three
C. five
D. eight
63. The
primary dimensions in Wiggins’s circumplex model are love and
A. hate.
B. dominance.
C. interpersonal behavior.
D. neuroticism.
64. Wiggins’
circumplex model of personality is limited to traits that
A. have a biological basis in the nervous system.
B. pertain to what people do to and with each other.
C. show how people interact with the environment.
D. were found in the LSD experiences of subjects.
65. Which
of the following is NOT a clear advantage of Wiggins’s circumplex model of
personality?
A. The relationship of each and every other trait is specified in the
model.
B. There is an explicit definition of the nature of interpersonal
behavior.
C. It alerts researchers to gaps in knowledge about some interpersonal
behaviors.
D. The relationships between traits can be traced to biological-based
traits.
66. The
concept of _____ holds that items near one another in a circumplex are
positively correlated.
A. adjacency
B. bipolarity
C. orthogonality
D. factor loadings
67. In
Wiggins’ model of personality, bipolar traits are
A. related to clinical disorders.
B. uncorrelated with other.
C. on opposite sides of the circle.
D. orthogonal with each other.
68. Traits
that are orthogonal _____ with each other.
A. are not correlated
B. have a strong positive correlation
C. have a negative correlation
D. are causally linked
69. _____
describes the relationship between traits that are perpendicular to one another
in a circumplex.
A. “Adjacency”
B. “Bipolarity”
C. “Orthogonality”
D. “Polarity”
70. In
Wiggins’ circumplex, the traits of dominance and warmth-agreeableness are
A. adjacent.
B. bipolar.
C. orthogonal.
D. polar opposites.
71. Which
of the following is NOT a strength of the Wiggins interpersonal circumplex?
A. It identifies new areas of research by mapping the interpersonal
domain.
B. It includes all the traits needed to understand interpersonal behavior.
C. It specifies the relationships between items in the circumplex.
D. It explicitly defines what interpersonal behavior is.
72. More
research in the past few decades has focused on this taxonomy than other
taxonomies.
A. PEN model
B. Cattell’s taxonomy of 16 traits
C. The Leary circumplex
D. The five factor model
73. The five-factor
model is a combination of _____ and _____ approaches to studying personality
taxonomies.
A. lexical and statistical
B. lexical and biological
C. theoretical and statistical
D. statistical and causal
74. Where
did Allport and Odbert locate 17,953 trait terms?
A. Act nominations
B. Self reports
C. Dictionary
D. Peer ratings
75. Which
one of the following is NOT one of the four categories into which Allport and
Odbert divided the 17,953 trait terms?
A. Stable traits
B. Instable traits
C. Temporary states
D. Social evaluations
76. Who
took the Allport and Odbert list of trait terms and grouped them logically into
171 clusters of terms by grouping them together and eliminating some terms?
A. Cattell
B. Fiske
C. Norman
D. Christal
77. The
first researcher to discover the five factor model of personality by analyzing
the structure of trait descriptive adjective was
A. Cattell.
B. Allport.
C. Fiske.
D. Tupes.
78. Researchers
have found empirical evidence for the five-factor model in all of these ways
EXCEPT
A. similar factor structures for men and women.
B. different factor analytic techniques.
C. extensively in English-speaking samples.
D. in five robust biological structures.
79. The
five-factor model of personality consists of these five traits:
A. surgency, sensation seeking, conscientious, psychoticism, and
openness-intellect.
B. extraversion, surgency, agreeableness, intellect, and dominance.
C. psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, and
openness-intellect.
D. surgency, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and
openness-intellect.
80. A
problem with the five-factor model is that
A. the five factors are only found in males.
B. the structure does not replicate across item formats.
C. researchers disagree about what to call the fifth factor.
D. most factors do not replicate across cultures.
81. In
the five-factor model, the fifth factor is NOT called
A. intellect.
B. openness.
C. openness-intellect.
D. surgency.
82. What
is one of the reasons that researchers have had trouble agreeing about the
nature of the fifth factor of the five-factor model of personality?
A. Cross-cultural researchers have been unable to study the fifth factor
across many languages.
B. Different researchers use different item pools in the factor analysis
of big five data.
C. Researchers using questionnaire items favor “openness to experience” as
the trait label.
D. Researchers using trait descriptive adjectives favor “intellect” as the
trait label.
83. A
person who is good natured and cooperative would score high on the trait of
A. surgency.
B. agreeableness.
C. conscientiousness.
D. emotional stability.
84. A
person who is responsible and tidy would score high on the trait of
A. surgency.
B. agreeableness.
C. conscientiousness.
D. emotional stability.
85. A
person who engages in risky sexual behavior would have this combination of five
factor traits:
A. high neuroticism, low conscientious, and low agreeableness.
B. high extraversion, low conscientiousness, and moderate emotional
stability.
C. high extraversion, high openness to experience, and low
conscientiousness.
D. high neuroticism, low intellect, and low extraversion.
86. A
person who tends to happy and experience positive affect in life would have
this combination of five factor traits:
A. high conscientious and high agreeableness.
B. high extraversion and high agreeableness.
C. high extraversion and low neuroticism.
D. high intellect and low neuroticism.
87. The
five-factor model has been criticized because
A. it lacks a research tradition.
B. it may not include some important traits.
C. it lacks circumplex structure.
D. most factors do not replicate across cultures.
88. Proponents
of the five factor model have not included more traits
A. as they are unwilling to go beyond five traits.
B. as additional traits lack a theoretical basis.
C. as they see the newly proposed traits as already included in the “big
five.”
D. as no one has suggested additional traits.
c3 Key
1. Which
of the following is NOT a major question addressed by the dispositional domain?
A.How many traits exist?
B. How do traits interact with situations to produce behavior?
C. How can we best measure traits?
D. Which
traits are unconscious?
Larsen – Chapter 03 #1
2. The
dispositional domain deals with personality problems
A.through psychoanalysis.
B. through cognitive therapy.
C. by
examining important similarities and differences between people.
D. by altering reward and punishment contingencies.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #2
3. The
dispositional domain focuses on traits that
A.are
enduring over time.
B. change over time.
C. change when situations change.
D. are similar in all people.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #3
4. Which
of the following is NOT a fundamental question of people who study traits?
A.How
can traits be changed?
B. How should “trait” be defined?
C. How can we identify which traits are most important?
D. How can we develop a comprehensive taxonomy of traits?
Larsen – Chapter 03 #4
5. The
“traits as causes” perspective on personality characteristics is useful in all
of the following areas EXCEPT
A.ruling out alternative explanations for behavior.
B. explaining why a person’s behavior seems inconsistent with a trait at
times.
C. viewing traits as internal structures.
D. counting
how often a behavior is performed.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #5
6. Ellen
works into the night studying for chemistry and biology examinations to reach
her goal of entering medical school. She studies so hard that she often appears
bored and uninterested in class. Which of the following trait formulations best
explains Ellen’s personality characteristics?
A.Traits
as internal causes.
B. Traits as purely descriptive summary.
C. Traits as biological structure.
D. Traits as genetic predisposition.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #6
7. From
the “traits as descriptive summaries” point of view, which of the following
would be the most convincing evidence that a person has a given trait?
A.The
person behaves in ways consistent with that trait.
B. The person says that they have the trait.
C. The person’s behavior is caused by situations.
D. The person’s traits are caused by biology and heredity.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #7
8. If
the trait of stinginess is viewed as a purely descriptive summary of behavior,
it can be represented best by
A.Mary’s constant thoughts about spending too much money.
B. Andrew always leaving a very small tip at restaurants.
C. Beth
living with several roommates.
D. George not contributing for a gift for a stranger.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #8
9. Which
of the following is an example of the view that traits are descriptive
summaries?
A.Eysenck’s theory
B. Theoretical scale construction
C. The
act frequency approach
D. The sociosexual orientation scale
Larsen – Chapter 03 #9
10. If
you collect the central behaviors for a category and assess how frequently
people perform those behaviors you would be using the act _____ approach to
studying personality.
A.manipulation
B. selection
C. frequency
D. analysis
Larsen – Chapter 03 #10
11. A
robin is a more _____ example of bird than is a penguin.
A.prototypical
B. aerodynamic
C. orthodontic
D. elemental
Larsen – Chapter 03 #11
12. The
“frequency” part of the “act frequency approach” represents how often an
individual performs a behavior in a period of time. This element of the act
frequency approach is assessed by act _____ ratings.
A.nomination
B. performance
C. occurrence
D. repetition
Larsen – Chapter 03 #12
13. The
_____ identifies how much of a trait a person has by counting relevant
behaviors.
A.circumplex model
B. act
frequency approach
C. rational approach to scale construction
D. theoretical approach to scale construction
Larsen – Chapter 03 #13
14. Which
of the following is NOT typically a step in the act frequency approach?
A.Act nominations
B. Assessing
synonym frequency
C. Recording of act performance
D. Prototypicality judgments
Larsen – Chapter 03 #14
15. What
procedure do researchers use to identify the potential hundreds of acts that
belong to a trait category?
A.Act
nominations
B. Act effectiveness
C. Act performance
D. Act likelihood
Larsen – Chapter 03 #15
16. Roberto
is interested in studying the trait of empathy using the act frequency
approach. He asks each of the participants in this phase of his study to write
down several behaviors highly empathetic people might perform. Roberto collects
a pool of 251 empathetic acts. This is called the act _____ procedure of the
act frequency approach.
A.nominalization
B. nomenclature
C. nomination
D. nomothetic
Larsen – Chapter 03 #16
17. _____
used by the act frequency approach to figure out which acts are most central to
a trait category.
A.Act nominations are
B. Assessing synonym frequency is
C. Recording of act performance is
D. Prototypicality
judgments are
Larsen – Chapter 03 #17
18. If
the act “she made direct eye contact and smiled” is central to the category of
flirting, it would be considered a(n) _____ act for that category of behavior.
A.effective
B. likely
C. prototypical
D. centrifugal
Larsen – Chapter 03 #18
19. Which
of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of the act frequency approach to
studying personality?
A.The amount of context for the performance of acts is not specified by the act
frequency approach.
B. The act frequency approach does not assess acts that are covert or
directly observable.
C. The
act frequency approach assesses explicit behavioral phenomenon.
D. The act frequency approach may not assess complex traits easily or
accurately.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #19
20. The
approach that uses natural language to identify important traits is the _____
approach.
A.lexical
B. theoretical
C. statistical
D. act frequency
Larsen – Chapter 03 #20
21. The
idea that all important individual differences have been encoded within the
natural language is known as
A.the
lexical hypothesis.
B. the projective hypothesis.
C. factor analysis.
D. a personality taxonomy.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #21
22. The
lexical approach assumes that
A.the lexicon is an unchanging catalog of human traits.
B. humans
invented words to describe all of the important personality traits.
C. statistical techniques, like factor analysis, are poor ways of
discovering important personality traits.
D. new words in the lexicon are better at describing personality traits
than old words.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #22
23. Dr.
Larsen is interested in researching the personalities of dweebs. He collects
all the terms in the Dweeb Talk Dictionary that can differentiate one dweeb
from another dweeb. Dr. Larsen is the using the ______ approach to identifying
important traits.
A.maniacal
B. statistical
C. prototypical
D. lexical
Larsen – Chapter 03 #23
24. If a
trait-descriptive word is found in only one or two languages the word
A.will probably be imported by other languages.
B. will probably be important to a universal personality taxonomy.
C. will
probably not be included in a universal personality taxonomy.
D. is probably known only to personality psychologists.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #24
25. Which
of the following would be one way that you might determine the importance of a
trait using the lexical strategy?
A.Find
the number of synonyms for that characteristic in the lexicon.
B. Determine if that trait is represented in all parts of the lexicon
(noun, verb, adjective, etc.).
C. Examine the lexicon for biological words that represent that trait.
D. Determine if there are words representing each pole (end) of that trait
in the language.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #25
26. Which
approach would most likely be used to undertake cross-cultural comparisons of
language?
A.Lexical
approach
B. Theoretical approach
C. Statistical approach
D. Act frequency approach
Larsen – Chapter 03 #26
27. If a
trait is sufficiently important that it appears in the lexicon of most human
languages, then that trait demonstrates the concept of _____ universality.
A.act
B. cross-cultural
C. trait
D. synonym
Larsen – Chapter 03 #27
28. The
idea that Eskimo language has many words for snow is most consistent with the
_____ approach.
A.lexical
B. theoretical
C. statistical
D. act frequency
Larsen – Chapter 03 #28
29. The
fact that there are trait-descriptive adjectives that few people know is a
problem for the _____ approach.
A.lexical
B. theoretical
C. statistical
D. act frequency
Larsen – Chapter 03 #29
30. Which
of the following approaches would utilize the technique of factor analysis?
A.Lexical approach
B. Theoretical approach
C. Statistical
approach
D. Act frequency approach
Larsen – Chapter 03 #30
31. When
Cattell used factor analysis to reduce the number of trait descriptive
adjectives in his pool, he was combining the _____ approaches.
A.lexical
and statistical
B. theoretical and statistical
C. act frequency and statistical
D. theoretical and act frequency
Larsen – Chapter 03 #31
32. Factor
analysis can be applied to
A.adjective ratings.
B. a true/false questionnaire.
C. self-ratings on personality relevant statements.
D. all
of these choices.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #32
33. _____
is a statistical approach that identifies groups of items that are similar to
each other.
A.Orthogonality
B. Factor
analysis
C. The act frequency approach
D. Rational scale construction
Larsen – Chapter 03 #33
34. Factor
loadings indicate the _____ between an item and a factor.
A.correlation
B. deviation
C. analysis
D. kurtosis
Larsen – Chapter 03 #34
35. Which
of the following is useful in reducing the number of personality traits to a
more manageable number?
A.Synonym frequency
B. The act frequency approach
C. Factor
analysis
D. Cross-cultural universality
Larsen – Chapter 03 #35
36. A
problem with factor analysis is that
A.it leads to an unmanageable number of traits.
B. you
can only identify traits that you include in your analysis.
C. factor loadings are like correlations.
D. it reduces the number of traits being studied.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #36
37. A
researcher who defines a specific set of traits as a part of a model of
personality before conducting any empirical investigation of that model of
personality is taking the _____ approach to theory development.
A.lexical
B. theoretical
C. statistical
D. empirical
Larsen – Chapter 03 #37
38. Psychologists
Simpson and Gangestad developed the concept of sociosexuality based on
evolutionary theory. Then they developed the sociosexual orientation inventory.
They employed the _____ approach to developing a model of personality.
A.lexical
B. theoretical
C. statistical
D. act frequency
Larsen – Chapter 03 #38
39. Fred
believes that the having a large big toe is related to how extraverted a person
may be and having a large small toe is an indicator of how conscientious a
person may be. He then starts measuring toe size and personality traits. Fred’s
research represents the _____ approach to studying personality.
A.act frequency
B. lexical
C. statistical
D. theoretical
Larsen – Chapter 03 #39
40. A
Freudian scholar develops personality measures to assess oral, anal, and
phallic fixations. The scholar is using the _____ approach to identifying
important individual differences.
A.psychoanalytic
B. theoretical
C. regressive
D. clinical
Larsen – Chapter 03 #40
41. Which
of the following is a criticism of the theoretical approach?
A.The
approach can only be as good as the theory.
B. It is theoretically based.
C. It depends on the lexical hypothesis.
D. It has restricted investigations to adjectives.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #41
42. Which
of the following researchers was born in Germany and wanted to study physics
before studying psychology?
A.Cattell
B. Wiggins
C. Eysenck
D. Leary
Larsen – Chapter 03 #42
43. Whose
model of personality includes three main traits?
A.Cattell
B. Wiggins
C. Eysenck
D. Leary
Larsen – Chapter 03 #43
44. Which
taxonomy was developed by identifying traits that were thought to be heritable
and thought to have biological substrates?
A.PEN
model
B. Cattell’s taxonomy of 16 traits
C. The Leary circumplex
D. The five factor model
Larsen – Chapter 03 #44
45. A
worrier would likely score high on the trait of
A.extraversion.
B. neuroticism.
C. psychoticism.
D. quarrelsomeness.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #45
46. Juanita
is observed as being somewhat aloof and distant. She tends to lead a
predictable and well-organized life. Juanita is demonstrating behaviors related
to Eysenck’s dimension of
A.introversion.
B. conscientiousness.
C. agency.
D. psychoticism.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #46
47. Fu is
an excessive worrier, who always seems tense and has trouble sleeping. His
friends report that Fu has very low self-esteem and is moody much of the time.
Fu is demonstrating behaviors related to Eysenck’s dimension of
A.introversion.
B. quarrelsomeness.
C. psychoticism.
D. neuroticism.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #47
48. A
person who is antisocial and lacks empathy would score high on the trait of
A.extraversion.
B. neuroticism.
C. psychoticism.
D. introversion
Larsen – Chapter 03 #48
49. Jerry
is a loner who likes to catch flies and pull their wings off. He is also
addicted to violent movies. Jerry most likely scores high on the personality
trait of
A.introversion.
B. psychoticism.
C. sensation seeking.
D. neuroticism.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #49
50. Which
taxonomy includes a four-level hierarchy of specific acts, habitual acts,
traits, and super traits?
A.The
PEN model
B. Cattell’s taxonomy of 16 traits
C. The Leary circumplex
D. The five-factor model
Larsen – Chapter 03 #50
51. Eysenck
put the most important traits at
A.the
top of his hierarchy.
B. the bottom of his hierarchy.
C. an intermediate level in his hierarchy.
D. the third level of his hierarchy.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #51
52. Which
of the following is NOT an attribute of Eysenck’s taxonomy?
A.Hierarchical structure.
B. Traits are heritable.
C. Traits
have many synonyms.
D. Traits have physiological substrates.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #52
53. According
to Eysenck, which of the following traits is related to central nervous system
arousal and reactivity?
A.Extraversion
B. Neuroticism
C. Psychoticism
D. Dominance
Larsen – Chapter 03 #53
54. Eysenck’s
taxonomy has been criticized on which one of these issues?
A.The traits in Eysenck’s model are not heritable in the population.
B. Eysenck
failed to include some important personality traits in his model.
C. Eysenck did not take the physiological substrates of traits into
consideration in his model.
D. There is a dispute about whether or not personality traits are arranged
hierarchically.
Larsen – Chapter 03 #54
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