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Sample Questions

 

 

 

Exam
Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1)

Trait psychologists are most interested in
A) how people are different from each other.
B) how human nature works.
C) general laws of human behaviour.
D) understanding the uniqueness of each individual.

1)

2)

Trait psychology is sometimes also called ________ psychology.
A) cognitive
B) developmental
C) differential
D) social

2)

3)

Compared to other approaches to personality, the trait approach is more concerned with
A) measurement.
B) the theory of evolution.
C) the unconscious.
D) disorders of personality.

3)

4)

Because trait psychology focuses on the amounts of various traits, it tends to focus on
A) measurement.
B) integrity testing.
C) situational selection.
D) psychopathology.

4)

5)

Of all the perspectives and strategies for studying personality, the trait approach is the
most
A) measurement oriented.
B) oriented towards individual differences.
C) reliable method for describing human beings.
D) mathematically and statistically oriented.

5)

6)

The text compares the complexities and richness of human personality to the way a
colour wheel, consisting of a mere three colours, can create the entire spectrum of
colours visible to the human eye. This analogy illustrates how
A) the use of colour therapy over an extended period of time may change the amount
of a trait in an individual.
B) a few basic and primary traits could be responsible for the idiosyncrasies of every
personality.
C) individuals are as unique and diverse as the range of colour spectrum.
D) the colour spectrum varies with different human emotions.

6)

1

7)

Vicki has been your friend for several years. Generally she is a very friendly, outgoing,
and sociable person. Based on what you know about Vicki’s personality you predict that
she
A) will have far lower amounts of these traits in the future.
B) will have greater amounts of these traits in the future.
C) was probably an unfriendly, nonsocial, and withdrawn child.
D) will be as friendly, outgoing, and sociable as she is now in the future.

7)

8)

Traits are
A) expected to vary over time.
B) expected to be consistently meaningful over time.
C) assumed to be consistent over time.
D) expected to be consistent only if they have a biological basis.

8)

9)

At 20 years of age, Joe is the life of the party, hanging off of the chandelier, and leading
everyone at the party in a rousing chorus of the latest hit song. Later in life, he most
likely will be the senior citizen
A) who encourages everyone in the senior citizen home to have a shuffleboard
tournament.
B) who will stubbornly refuse to be admitted to a retirement community.
C) most likely to sneak out to the local bar to have a drink with students.
D) most likely to be the loneliest member of his peer group.

9)

10) If

a trait changes over time, test-retest correlations
A) will always be high.
B) will always be low.
C) are low if rank order remains the same.
D) are high if rank order remains the same.

11) The

10)

concept of rank order consistency suggests that
are not consistent over time within an individual.
B) a person with more of a trait at one time will have a different trait score at another
time.
C) trait levels in an individual may decrease with age when compared to the general
population.
D) trait levels are unaffected by the chronological age of an individual.

11)

study by Hartshorne and May (1928) found that children who cheated in games were
A) more likely to be aggressive.
B) more likely to help strangers.
C) much more likely to cheat on written exams.
D) not much more likely to cheat on written exams.

12)

A) traits

12) A

2

13) ________

challenged the idea that traits are consistent across situations.
A) Mischel
B) Larson
C) Eysenck
D) Cattell

13)

14) Canadian

14)

researcher Norman Endler was best known for his
B) interpersonal model of personality.
model of personality.
C) interactional model of personality.
D) circumplex model of personality.
A) transactional

15) Mischel

thought that ________ were most important in determining behaviour.
B) situations
C) intellectual abilities
D) attitudes

15)

A) traits

16) The

idea that traits are less important than immediate circumstances in determining
behaviour is known as
A) social desirability.
B) aggregation.
C) acquiescence.
D) situationism.

16)

17) According

17)

18) The

18)

19) What

19)

20) What

20)

to personality psychologists, the level of personality measurement that most
robustly predicts behaviour is the
A) behaviour level.
B) adjective level.
C) factor level.
D) trait level.
“Goldilocks zone” of personality measurement refers to
A) one’s score on a personality questionnaire falling in the ideal range for mental
health.
B) a normal bell curve distribution resulting from trait measurement.
C) the point of measurement where all personality traits converge.
D) the best level of trait measurement where we can make the most accurate
predictions of behaviour.
constitutes the lowest possible level of the personality hierarchy?
A) narrow traits
B) behavioural acts
C) adjectives
D) behavioural tendencies

is the limitation of measuring personality factors at their highest position in the
hierarchy?
A) Measurement of these broad traits will not offer the ability to distinguish between
traits.
B) It is not possible to subject these broad traits to a factor analysis.
C) Measurement of these broad traits will not offer the degree of specificity required to
make accurate predictions about behaviour.
D) Too many items are required to capture the full breadth of each of the highest
factors.

3

21) According

to Paunonen and Nicol (2001), ________ are better predictors of performance
outcomes than ________.
A) adjectives; narrower traits
B) broad traits; narrower traits
C) narrower traits; broad traits
D) broad traits; adjectives

21)

22) According

22)

23) Most

23)

24) Vince

24)

25) Using

25)

26) One

26)

27) Mischel

27)

to Paunonen and colleagues, which narrow trait is a better predictor of grade
point average than the broader trait of conscientiousness?
A) Order
B) Achievement motivation
C) Self-discipline
D) Methodicalness
personality and social psychologists agree that actual behaviour is based on
A) the consistent behaviour across a multitude of situations.
B) extremely strong situations that constantly change behaviour.
C) constant interaction between the individual’s personality and the situation.
D) the need to disagree.

is watching his school’s team play in the championship basketball game. He is
wildly cheering his team on to victory, talking to everyone around him, even though they
are strangers, and shouting at the referees for making bad calls on his team. From
psychologist Walter Mischel’s perspective, Vince is primarily behaving due to
A) his extremely strong long-term commitment to the basketball team.
B) his extremely strong competitiveness and extraversion.
C) the extremely strong effects of the immediate situation.
D) the extremely strong effects of the six tacos he ate for lunch.
forced choice responding in place of Likert scale response options on personality
measures may
A) reduce the need for tedious data entry and analysis.
B) result in a decrease in participant response biases.
C) help researchers better determine whether respondents are high or low on a
particular trait.
D) result in more robust predictive validity when faking is present.
result of Mischel’s critique of trait approaches has been
A) an increased interest in person-situation interactions.
B) a decreased interest in person-situation interactions.
C) that personality traits are no longer studied.
D) a decrease in the practice of aggregation.
has pointed out that personality psychologists are NOT very good at predicting
A) how personality traits direct individuals to specific situations.
B) how a particular individual will behave in a specific situation.
C) the effects of personality test scores on an individual.
D) the effects of important situations on most individuals.
4

28) According

to the person-situation interaction point of view, behaviour
A) = f(P).
B) = f(P × S).
C) = f(S).
D) = f(P + S).

28)

equation B = f(P × S)
that behaviour is the result of an interaction between the person and the
situation.
B) indicates that behaviour is primarily the result of personality and secondarily the
situation.
C) shows that the appearance of a trait is related to an interaction between the
phenotype and stereotype.
D) is a way to determine heritability estimates for behaviour of personalities in
situations.

29)

29) The

A) specifies

30) ________

is the concept that refers to the idea that a person may act in a certain way
only in particular circumstances.
A) Situational specificity
B) Extreme responding
C) Aggregation
D) Faking response

30)

31) Peter

31)

32) Personality

32)

is a very brave man, but otherwise a laid-back guy. One day he hears tires
squealing and metal crashing. He turns to the street, and upon seeing an accident,
rescues a young child from one of the cars involved in the accident. The combination of
Peter’s trait of bravery and the dangerous situation illustrate the idea of situational
A) generalization.
B) reactivity.
C) specificity.
D) synergism.
is likely to have the least effect on behaviour
B) when behaviours are aggregated.
ambiguous situations.
C) when people are older.
D) in strong situations.
A) in

33) After

spending time in this class you notice the wide range of personalities in your
family while attending a family gathering. During the gathering at Aunt Millie’s home
she insists on everyone singing traditional holiday songs together. The neurotic, the
extraverted, the shy, the anxious, the open, and all of the other personality types in your
family join in song at Aunt Millie’s request. Her success at getting all of these
personalities to join in song is due to the
A) social influence effect.
B) common family environment.
C) shared family environment.
D) strong situation.

5

33)

34) You

are in a traffic jam and are not able to discern the cause of the delay. While waiting
you observe the behaviour of the individuals in the cars around you. The angry woman
is honking her horn. The narcissistic man is carefully combing his hair. A patient girl is
sitting back calmly listening to music. And you’re thinking your analytic skills are going
to make you a great psychologist! The variety of behaviours being exhibited by the
drivers in this situation are most likely due to
A) the differences of drivers’ personalities.
B) the ambiguity of the situation.
C) your misinterpretation of the situation.
D) the different cars the drivers own.

34)

35) The

35)

36) Which

36)

37) A

37)

idea that personality traits influence the situations people put themselves in is
known as
A) manipulation.
B) situational selection.
C) aggregation.
D) evocation.
of the following might NOT explain why a person often acts in a friendly
manner?
A) The person chooses to go to many parties and social events.
B) The person is often in social situations.
C) The person has the trait of friendliness.
D) The person thinks of himself or herself as being friendly.
study by Diener et al. discussed in the text did NOT find that
A) individuals’ personalities were related to the situations they were in.
B) extraverts spent more time engaging in social forms of recreation.
C) people who scored high on the need for achievement spent more time working.
D) people selected different situations when wearing pagers then they usually selected.

38) Andrea

likes to draw pictures, enjoys solving complex mathematical problems, and
enjoys building things. Her decision to major in architecture would best demonstrates
A) manipulation.
B) evocation.
C) situational selection.
D) equivocation.

38)

39) A

39)

40) Whenever

40)

person who acts aggressively and often finds himself in uncomfortable conflicts
demonstrates the concept of
A) aggregation.
B) manipulation.
C) situational selection.
D) evocation.
Ling walks into a room everyone always smiles and seeks him out for
conversation. He does not understand why people react to him that way. Most likely
Ling is demonstrating the idea of
A) elocution.
B) evocation.
C) equivocation.
D) elation.

6

41) The

main difference between evocation and manipulation is that
A) manipulation is not intentional but evocation is.
B) evocation is the result of personality but manipulation is not.
C) manipulation is the result of personality by evocation is not.
D) evocation is not intentional, but manipulation is.

41)

42) A

42)

43) You

43)

44) ________

44)

45) Aggregation

45)

46) The

46)

person who intentionally charms others to get what he or she wants demonstrates the
concept of
A) aggregation.
B) manipulation.
C) situational selection.
D) evocation.
call your parents and tell them about a terrific opportunity you have been given by
your university to go to an important conference. You tell your parents about all of the
opportunities for career development and networking that the conference will offer.
Then, you tell your parents that you need only $500 from them to make the trip. You are
demonstrating the concept of
A) manipulation.
B) situational selection.
C) evocation.
D) guilt initiation.
refers to adding up or averaging several single observations of behaviour to
assess personality.
A) Aggregation
B) Evocation
C) Situational selection
D) Manipulation
usually results in a
A) more reliable measure than single behaviours.
B) less reliable measure than single behaviours.
C) measure that predicts group behaviours.
D) measure that does a good job of predicting individual behaviours.
correlation between ________ and ________ would likely be the highest.
averaged over a month; shyness averaged over a week
B) shyness averaged over a month; shyness on a given day
C) shyness on a given day; shyness on another day
D) shyness averaged over a month; shyness averaged over a different month
A) shyness

47) Single

measures of behaviour
A) predict behaviour well over time.
B) are poor measures of anything.
C) predict behaviour well in other situations.
D) are typically face valid.

7

47)

48) Which

of the following assessments would you expect to be the best predictor of
behaviour?
A) A single experiment
B) A long questionnaire
C) A single observation of behaviour
D) A short questionnaire

48)

49) The

concept of aggregation suggests that traits are
A) blended concepts.
B) mere descriptions.
C) internal causes.
D) average tendencies.

49)

50) A

baseball player’s statistical batting average is an example of
A) validity.
B) variance.
C) aggregation.

50)
D) reliability.

51) Your

grade point average best indicates your average performance in your classes over
time. This illustrates the concept of
A) amalgamation.
B) aggregation.
C) aggrandizement.
D) amelioration.

51)

52) The

52)

concept of aggregation
behaviour based on traumatic events.
B) predicts behaviour from single measures.
C) predicts performance on specific occasions.
D) does not predict performance on a specific occasion.
A) predicts

53) The

key issue in measuring traits is determining
A) how many traits exist.
B) how much of a trait a person has.
C) how traits change over time.
D) what causes traits.

53)

54) We

54)

55) The

55)

56) ________

56)

might include the same questions in a questionnaire multiple times to assess
A) response sets.
B) carelessness.
C) social desirability.
D) faking.

item “Whenever I walk up stairs, I always do so on my hands” on a questionnaire
assesses
A) faking.
B) carelessness.
C) seriousness.
D) extraversion.
is most likely to be a measurement issue when important decisions will be
based on the outcome of the measure.
A) Carelessness
B) Acquiescence
C) Faking
D) Restriction of range

8

57) Josh

has been required to complete an anger management course as part of his
sentencing for his conviction in a road rage incident. He completes a personality test and
answers the questions in a way that he believes will reduce the amount of time he will
spend in the course. In terms of psychological measurement issues Josh is
A) false negative.
B) faking bad.
C) false positive.
D) faking good.

57)

58) If

58)

a psychologist thinks a truthful person is “faking good,” the psychologist has
B) created a response set.
a false positive.
C) created a criterion problem.
D) demonstrated a false negative.
A) demonstrated

59) The

term ________ refers to making the mistake of thinking that a person was
answering a questionnaire truthfully when that person was actually faking.
A) extreme responding
B) false negative
C) false positive
D) restriction of range

59)

60) ________

60)

are general statements that could apply to anyone.
B) Cues
tests
C) Feedback responses
D) Barnum statements
A) Integrity

61) Integrity

tests may measure attitudes related to any of the following EXCEPT
A) antisocial beliefs and behaviours.
B) beliefs that many others engage in theft.
C) tolerating others who steal.
D) ethical and moral beliefs regarding cheating.

61)

62) In

industry settings, personality tests are used to do all of the following EXCEPT
people for promotion.
B) help screen people for employment.
C) match people with particular jobs.
D) make decisions about inmates in prisons.

62)

A) select

63) Integrity

tests measure attitudes related to
A) rationalization regarding the acceptability of thievery.
B) antisocial beliefs and behaviours.
C) tolerating others who steal.
D) All of the choices are correct.

9

63)

64) Integrity

tests appear to be valid because they
A) have test-retest correlations in the range of 0.85.
B) predict theft criteria such as criminal history and evidence of theft during
adolescence.
C) predict theft criteria such as supervisors’ ratings of dishonesty and likelihood of
getting caught stealing once hired.
D) Both “predict theft criteria such as supervisors’ ratings of dishonesty and likelihood
of getting caught stealing once hired” and “predict theft criteria such as criminal
history and evidence of theft during adolescence” are correct.

64)

65) Today,

65)

polygraph tests are most often used
A) by fast food restaurants.
C) to select graduate students.

B) by
D) in

government agencies.
courtrooms.

66) Many

legal concerns have been raised about the use of personality tests in hiring
decisions. All of these are legitimate legal concerns EXCEPT
A) the infringement of personality tests on individuals’ right to privacy.
B) the possible use of personality tests to discriminate during the hiring process.
C) the lack of statistical reliability among personality tests in occupational settings.
D) the potential race and gender norming during the hiring process.

66)

67) The

67)

68) The

68)

69) In

69)

________ requires that federally regulated industries in Canada adopt proactive
employment practices in order to improve the employment rates of four designated
social groups.
A) Canadian Human Rights Act
B) Employment Standards Act
C) Employment Equity Act
D) Canadian Occupational Health Code
________ prohibits workplace discrimination based on race, national or ethnic
origin, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, and disability.
A) Employment Equity Act
B) Canadian Human Rights Act
C) Canadian Occupational Health Code
D) Employment Standards Act
Canada, the use of polygraph tests in the private sector has been outlawed in which
two provinces?
A) Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
B) Ontario and Manitoba
C) Ontario and New Brunswick
D) Ontario and Nova Scotia

70) Disparate

impact occurs when
A) different employees in the same workplace are treated differently.
B) employers use different norms or cutoff scores on employee personality tests for
different groups of people.
C) an employment practice disadvantages people from a protected group.
D) differences are observed in the effects of workplace discrimination.

10

70)

71) An

example of gender norming in personality testing is
A) interviewing only men.
B) setting a higher threshold for women than men.
C) developing different interview questions for men and women.
D) interpreting the meaning of scores differently according to gender.

71)

72) Facet-level

72)

73) Which

73)

74) In

74)

personality traits should not be considered by employers during the hiring
process because
A) important information can be lost at this level of analysis.
B) they make the hiring process more time-consuming and confusing for employers.
C) they may increase the likelihood of employers discriminating based on gender role
stereotypes.
D) they have not been shown to predict important job performance criteria.
of the following is the personality assessment used by the Royal Canadian
Mounted Police in their hiring procedures?
A) The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
B) The Six Factor Personality Questionnaire
C) The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire
D) The California Personality Inventory
the Six Factor Personality Questionnaire, which ‘Big 5′ trait is separated into two
distinct factors?
A) Neuroticism
B) Conscientiousness
C) Agreeableness
D) Extraversion

75) Which

of the following traits is NOT associated with successful police performance?
A) Sociability
B) Need for adventure
C) Self-confidence
D) Boldness

75)

76) Which

76)

popular personality test used by employers uses forced-choice responses?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
B) The Six Factor Personality Questionnaire
C) The 16 Factor Personality Questionnaire
D) The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
A) The

11

77) Which

of the following is NOT a cited problem with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
A) The same individual score will be interpreted very differently depending on the
median used to perform the cutoff for classification.
B) Slight changes in people’s raw scores on retesting can result in a large percentage
being reclassified into different personality types.
C) It assumes large between-category differences, and no within-category differences,
among people.
D) It assumes that personality traits like introversion and extraversion are normally
distributed in the population.

Exam
Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1)

After Elliot’s brain tumor was removed his ________ changed.
A) language skills
B) personality
C) intelligence
D) memories

1)

2)

A small bit of Elliot’s brain that transmitted ________ information to the higher
reasoning centres of the brain was destroyed when his tumor was removed.
A) emotional
B) spatial
C) reasoning
D) memory

2)

3)

Phineas Gage’s personality became ________ after his brain was penetrated by an iron
rod in an accident.
A) extraordinarily conventional
B) agreeable and conscientious
C) obstinate and capricious
D) extraverted and neurotic

3)

4)

Following his accident, Phineas Gage
A) held a variety of farm jobs.
B) became a circus side show curiosity.
C) returned to his job and led a fairly normal life.
D) died of complications due to his injury.

4)

5)

Unlike Phineas Gage, Canadian brain injury patient Kent Cochrane
A) increased in his extraverted and sociable ways.
B) became violent and aggressive.
C) lived the life that he probably would have lived had he not been injured.
D) maintained his polite and easygoing nature.

5)

6)

Patient K. C.’s final brain injury had its most significant effect on his
A) intelligence.
B) spatial reasoning.
C) episodic memory.
D) language skills.

6)

7)

An advantage of the physiological approach to personality is that physiology
A) is easy to measure.
B) can be measured mechanically and reliably.
C) is the same for all people.
D) is the most important part of personality.

7)

1

8)

Most physiological psychologists would agree that
A) physiology does not change over time.
B) physiology is one cause of personality.
C) physiology determines behaviour.
D) physiology is destiny.

8)

9)

Most physiological personality psychologists today focus on
A) physiological systems.
B) telemetry.
C) the four humors.
D) body types.

9)

10) Sensors

placed on the surface of the skin can be used to measure
A) brain waves, cardiovascular measures, and electrodermal activity.
B) dopamine level.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) telemetry.

10)

11) Electrodermal

11)

activity measures
activity.
B) alpha waves.
C) actual biological substrates of personality.
D) how much sweat is present on the skin.
A) cardiovascular

12) Measuring

the amount of electricity that passes between two electrodes placed on a
person’s skin measures
A) electroencephalogram activity.
B) electrodermal activity.
C) cardiovascular reactivity.
D) electrocardiogram activity.

12)

13) Some

13)

14) Which

14)

15) To

15)

individuals have spontaneous electrodermal responses even when in a resting state
in a quiet room. The personality traits most consistently associated with these
nonspecific electrodermal responses are
A) sensation seeking and aggression.
B) anxiety and neuroticism.
C) impulsivity and psychoticism.
D) extroversion and openness to experience.
of the following best indicates cardiovascular activity?
A) Electrodermal activity
B) Alpha waves
C) Blood pressure
D) Skin conductance
obtain an accurate measure of cardiovascular activity researchers typically
the average systolic blood pressure.
B) measure skin conductance between heartbeats.
C) measure the intervals between heartbeats.
D) measure the number of heartbeats per minute.
A) measure

2

16) The

increase in blood pressure observed in response to stress is an indication of
A) alpha waves.
B) skin conductance.
C) cardiovascular reactivity.
D) hormonal activity.

16)

17) People

17)

18) Carlos

18)

19) Terry,

19)

20) Electrical

20)

21) Functional

21)

22) Monica

22)

23) According

to Eysenck, ________ is related to low physiological arousal.
A) the Behavioural Activation System
B) the Behavioural Inhibition System
C) extraversion
D) introversion

23)

24) A

person who is sociable, outgoing, venturesome, and easily bored
A) is an extravert.
B) is an introvert.
C) has a Type A personality.
D) would score high on harm avoidance.

24)

with Type A personality show
A) lower levels of electrodermal activity.
B) lower levels of cardiovascular reactivity.
C) higher levels of electrodermal activity.
D) higher levels of cardiovascular reactivity.

is very competitive, hostile, impatient, and has a strong level of cardiac reactivity.
Carlos most likely has a(n) ________ personality.
A) impulsive
B) reactive
C) mesomorphic
D) Type A
a Type A personality, suffers from chronic cardiovascular activity. He should be
careful as these behaviours may contribute to
A) cancer proneness.
B) Crohn’s disease.
C) chronic diabetes.
D) coronary artery disease.
activity in the brain is measured with
A) the electrocardiogram.
B) skin conductance.
C) cardiovascular reactivity.
D) the electroencephalogram or EEG.
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used by psychologists to study
A) assess how quickly blood flows through the bloodstream.
B) the portions of the brain that are active while performing a task.
C) vascular system in humans during stress.
D) how much magnetic activity can be measured on a person’s skin.

is shown some pictures with very negative content. Activity in the frontal brain
would indicate that she may have the personality trait of
A) sensation seeking.
B) extroversion.
C) quarrelsomeness.
D) neuroticism.

3

25) Which

of the following physiological mechanisms is thought to control overall cortical
arousal?
A) Parasympathetic nervous system
B) Behavioural inhibition system or BIS
C) Behavioural activation system or BAS
D) Ascending reticular activating system or ARAS

25)

26) According

26)

27) Which

27)

to Hebb’s theory, there is a(n) ________ state of arousal for every task that
will lead to the highest level of performance for each individual.
A) optimal
B) marginal
C) maximal
D) progressive
of the following is NOT part of Hebb’s theory about “optimal levels of arousal”?
person can perform poorly because they are not sufficiently aroused.
B) Different activities have different optimal levels of arousal.
C) A person has the same optimal level of arousal for all stimuli.
D) A person can be too aroused to perform well.
A) A

28) According

to Eysenck, introverts avoid social situations because
A) they have too much monoamine oxidase.
B) they do not like people.
C) they also score high on measures of anxiety.
D) they are likely to become over aroused in social situations.

28)

29) According

29)

30) Eysenck’s

30)

31) The

31)

32) Which

32)

to Eysenck, extraverts seek out social situations and stimulation as they
A) need the arousal of social situations.
B) have greater impulse control when in social situations.
C) have high levels of anxiety when alone.
D) have overactive ascending reticular activating systems.
revised theory of extraversion suggests that introverts and extraverts differ in
A) baseline level of arousal.
B) their arousal response.
C) behavioural activating systems.
D) maximal level of arousal.