Parenting A Dynamic Perspective 2nd Edition By George W. Holden – Test Bank
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Sample
Questions
1. A(n)
__________ refers to a natural experiment that is only possible in situations
where children have been deprived of a typical environment or raised without
parents.
2. nature
adaptation study
3. experimental
isolation
*C. experiment of nature
1. deprivation
study
Answer Location: Experiments of Nature, page 99
Cognitive Domain: Factual
2. Genie
was raised in a closet and isolated from social interaction. Her sad case
provided scientists with an opportunity to study the effects of severe
isolation on child development. This is an example of a(n) __________.
3. nature
adaptation study
*B. experiment of nature
1. experimental
isolation
2. deprivation
study
Answer Location: Experiments of Nature, page 99
Cognitive Domain: Applied
3. Studies
of “feral children” provide __________ about the role of parents in children’s
development.
*A. little useful information
1. specific
details
2. general
associations
3. very
useful information
Answer Location: Experiments of Nature, page 99
Cognitive Domain: Factual
4. For
obvious ethical reasons, the study of children who develop without the benefit
of parents is limited. A better source of data concerning the effects on children
of not having parents comes from __________.
5. “feral”
children
6. abandoned
children
7. mentally
ill children
*D. children raised in orphanages
Answer Location: Experiments of Nature, page 99
Cognitive Domain: Factual
5. Zing-Yang
Kuo investigated the relation between nature and nurture and challenged the
prevailing views about development. To show the powerful influence of
experience on development, he studied __________.
6. abandoned
children raised by animals
*B. animals including rats that reared cats
1. children
fostered by loving parents
2. how
animals naturally foster their young
Answer Location: Animal Studies, page 100
Cognitive Domain: Factual
6. Through
his experiments with goslings, Konrad Lorenz discovered __________, the rapid
early learning which is independent of behavioral consequences.
7. bonding
8. individuation
*C. imprinting
1. modeling
Answer Location: Animal Studies, page 101
Cognitive Domain: Factual
7. Imprinting
in goslings provided evidence for the idea of __________ in development.
8. reversible
sensitive periods
*B. irreversible critical periods
1. irreversible
sensitive periods
2. reversible
critical periods
Answer Location: Animal Studies, page 101
Cognitive Domain: Factual
8. Researcher
__________ found that rhesus monkeys who were raised in isolation developed
extreme pathological behaviors that continued into adulthood.
9. Zing-Yang
Kuo
10. Konrad
Lorenz
*C. Harry Harlow
1. René
Spitz
Answer Location: Animal Studies, pages 101, 102
Cognitive Domain: Factual
9. Animal
studies highlighted the importance of early parent-child relationships but were
limited by __________.
10. issues
regarding the ethical treatment of animals
11. the
short term consequences of early deprivation
12. confounded
results across animal species
*D. the lack of generalizability to humans
Answer Location: Animal Studies, page 102
Cognitive Domain: Factual
10. Early
parenting researchers claimed to reveal parental effects on children. Current
interpretations of this research __________.
*A. indicate associations, not causal links, between parent
behaviors and child outcomes
1. confirm
only the unidirectional influence of parent behaviors and child outcomes
2. indicate
virtually no association between parent behaviors and child outcomes
3. validate
interpretations of causal links between parent behaviors and child outcomes
Answer Location: Associations between Parenting and Children’s
Outcomes, page 102
Cognitive Domain: Factual
11. Sarai
is developing in a positive manner. She draws on her own strengths and also
makes use of the environmental resources available to her with positive
outcomes. A developmental psychologist would likely describe Sarai as a
__________ child.
12. typical
13. resilient
*C. competent
1. social
Answer Location: Associations between Parenting and Children’s
Outcomes, page 102
Cognitive Domain: Applied
12. When
Billy was 18 months old he was described as securely attached to his mother.
Billy’s attachment status with his father __________.
13. will
likely be secure regardless of Billy’s interactions with his father
14. will
always be secure because children only develop one type of attachment
15. may
be insecure if Billy’s attachment to his mother is too secure
*D. may be secure but will depend on Billy’s interactions with
his father
Parent-Child Attachment, page 103
Cognitive Domain: Applied
13. Much
of the research on parent-child attachment indicates positive outcomes for
children who are labeled securely attached at 12 months. However, the
predictive validity for the construct is not always strong. For example, mixed
results have been reported for some outcomes for boys compared to girls. Which
of the following explanations is NOT a valid reason for the mixed results?
14. Relationships
are dynamic and changeable so attachment status may change
*B. As boys and girls mature, girls are more likely to have
secure relationships
1. A
secure attachment status may be negatively impacted by the divorce of one’s
parents
2. Influences
independent of the caregiver may affect a child’s competence
Answer Location: Parent-Child Attachment, page 103
Cognitive Domain: Factual
14. Instead
of predicting child outcomes based solely on attachment classification at 12
months of age, current parent-child attachment research focuses on an
individual’s __________.
15. beliefs
about others
16. self
image
*C. internal working models
1. social
competence
Answer Location: Parent-Child Attachment, page 104
Cognitive Domain: Factual
15. Barbara
has a positive view of herself and a negative view of others. According to
Bartholomew’s 2-by-2 matrix of attachment-based representations, Barbara’s attachment
classification would be __________.
*A. dismissing
1. secure
2. preoccupied
3. fearful
Answer Location: Parent-Child Attachment, page 104
Cognitive Domain: Applied
16. Baumrind’s
__________ parenting style is characterized by open communication and firm limits.
17. uninvolved
*B. authoritative
1. authoritarian
2. permissive
Answer Location: Parenting Styles, page 106
Cognitive Domain: Factual
17. According
to Baumrind, the __________ parenting style fosters the most resentment from
children.
18. uninvolved
19. authoritative
*C. authoritarian
1. permissive
Answer Location: Parenting Styles, page 106
Cognitive Domain: Factual
18. Baumrind
claimed that the ways in which parents treat children determine children’s
subsequent behaviors. Lewis noted that Baumrind’s data could be interpreted
differently and stated that __________.
*A. competent children may elicit more authoritative parenting
behaviors
1. competent
children may elicit more authoritarian parenting behaviors
2. competent
children may elicit more permissive parenting behaviors
3. competent
children may elicit more uninvolved parenting behaviors
Answer Location: Parenting Styles, page 106
Cognitive Domain: Factual
19. Reviews
of research on correlates of parenting behaviors and children’s outcomes
indicate that __________ is NOT related to child competence.
20. empathic
responsiveness
21. appropriate
behavioral control
22. effective
problem solving
*D. permissive parenting style
Answer Location: Specific Parenting Behaviors, page 107
Cognitive Domain: Factual
20. According
to the original behavioral genetics viewpoint a genotype that prompts
aggressive behavior _________ aggressive behavior.
21. has
nothing to do with
22. has
little to do with
23. will
likely result in
*D. will always result in
Answer Location: The Behavioral Genetics Challenge, page 107
Cognitive Domain: Factual
21. Instead
of viewing genetic influence as deterministic, the current view of genetic
influence acknowledges __________.
*A. gene-environment interactions
1. the
greater influence of the environment
2. the
influence of chance encounters
3. the
role of choice in human development
Answer Location: The Behavioral Genetics Challenge, page 107
Cognitive Domain: Factual
22. The
Diathesis-Stress model of gene-environment interaction assumes that the
expression of a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia only occurs when in
combination with particular kinds of __________.
23. recessive
gene combinations
*B. environmental stressors
1. codependent
social behaviors
2. dominant
gene combinations
Answer Location: The Behavioral Genetics Challenge, page 107
Cognitive Domain: Factual
23. In a
review of genetic influences on children’s outcomes based on twin and adoption
studies, Rowe described __________ on intelligence.
24. no
environmental influence
25. a
strong environmental influence
*C. a modest genetic influence
1. no
genetic influence
Answer Location: The Behavioral Genetics Challenge, page 107
Cognitive Domain: Factual
24. Allie
and Callie are monozygotic twins. According to evidence from human behavioral
genetics research if Allie shows a high level of inattentiveness Callie has
__________her brother John.
25. no
greater chance of inattentiveness than
*B. a greater chance of inattentiveness than
1. about
the same chance of inattentiveness as
2. a
weaker chance of inattentiveness than
Answer Location: The Behavioral Genetics Challenge, page 108
Cognitive Domain: Applied
25. Which
of the following theorists claimed that peers were a more important
environmental influence on child development than parents?
*A. Judith Rich Harris
1. David
Rowe
2. Sandra
Scarr
3. David
Cohen
Answer Location: The Behavioral Genetics Challenge, pages 108,
109
Cognitive Domain: Factual
26. Meg
and her husband registered their unborn child for a prestigious day care
center. This is an example of __________.
*A. establishing a trajectory
1. mediating
a trajectory
2. moderating
a trajectory
3. modifying
the speed
Answer Location: Establishing Trajectories, page 110
Cognitive Domain: Applied
27. Which
of the following parental actions established a trajectory for a child’s
development?
28. Jeanell
talked with her daughter about her new baby brother who was coming soon.
*B. Lindy registered her daughter for gymnastics when she was
three years old.
1. Brigitte
encouraged her son to talk about his feelings and his hopes for the future.
2. Ray
waited an extra year before he registered his daughter for kindergarten.
Answer Location: Establishing Trajectories, page 110
Cognitive Domain: Applied
28. Matt
and Cassie selected a home in an award-winning school district. This choice is
an example of __________ a trajectory.
29. mediating
30. moderating
31. modifying
*D. establishing
Answer Location: Establishing Trajectories, page 110
Cognitive Domain: Factual
29. When
parents mediate a child’s developmental trajectory they __________.
30. start
the child on a particular path
*B. help the child interpret experiences
1. slow
down the child’s development
2. provide
the child with social agents
Answer Location: Mediating Trajectories, page 114
Cognitive Domain: Factual
30. Which
of the following labels does NOT represent a way in which parents mediate
trajectories?
31. Concurrent
mediation
32. Debriefing
33. Pre-arming
*D. Disclosure
Answer Location: Mediating Trajectories, page 114
Cognitive Domain: Factual
31. Which
of the following parental actions mediated a trajectory for a child’s development?
32. Ray
waited an extra year before he registered his daughter for kindergarten.
33. Lindy
registered her daughter for gymnastics when she was three years old.
*C. Jeanell talked with her daughter about the new baby brother
who was coming soon.
1. Jimmy
refused to let his daughter date boys until she left home to attend college.
Answer Location: Pre-arming, page 114
Cognitive Domain: Applied
32. Ruth
was careful to leave signs that Santa Clause had visited for her 8
year-old-daughter to find on Christmas morning. By promoting this fantasy
belief Ruth is __________ her daughter’s development.
33. establishing
a trajectory for
34. mediating
a trajectory for
35. moderating
a trajectory for
*D. modifying the speed of
Answer Location: Modifying the Speed, page 117
Cognitive Domain: Applied
33. Which
of the following parental actions modified the speed of a trajectory for a
child’s development?
34. Lindy
registered her daughter for gymnastics when she was three years old.
35. Jeanell
talked with her daughter about her new baby brother who was coming soon.
*C. Jimmy refused to let his daughter date boys until she left
home to attend college.
1. Ray
waited an extra year before he registered his son for kindergarten.
Answer Location: Deceleration, page 118
Cognitive Domain: Applied
34. Parents
who monitor their children during middle childhood more closely than other
parents do __________.
*A. tend to experience lower numbers of injuries in their
children
1. do so
because of their own history of misbehavior during childhood
2. feel better
about their parenting, but do not affect child injury levels
3. often
impose levels of control that restrict child development
Answer Location: Healthy Physical Development, page 119
Cognitive Domain: Factual
35. Chris
wants his son to be a non-smoker so he discusses the dangers of smoking and
explicitly tells his son not to smoke. If Chris is a smoker his anti-smoking
campaign will __________.
36. require
more explicit demands to be effective
*B. be less effective than if he was a non-smoker
1. will
require more monitoring than if he was a non-smoker
2. be
about as effective as if he was a non-smoker
Answer Location: Healthy Physical Development, page 119
Cognitive Domain: Applied
36. Susan
carefully monitors her young daughter’s whereabouts, actions, and friends. If
she continues this throughout her daughter’s adolescence Susan will reduce the
likelihood or delay the onset for her daughter’s drug use during __________
37. middle
childhood
38. adolescence
39. middle
childhood, but not necessarily adolescence
*D. both middle childhood and adolescence
Answer Location: Healthy Physical Development, page 119
Cognitive Domain: Applied
37. One
problem with parental monitoring is that parents __________.
38. often
impose levels of control that restrict child development
39. may
lack the ability to identify negative social influences
*C. cannot monitor what a child successfully disguises
1. sometimes
value their children’s friendships too highly
Answer Location: Competent Social Relationships, page 120
Cognitive Domain: Factual
38. To maintain
a positive social trajectory, minority group parents need to __________.
*A. promote both mainstream and ethnic cultural ideals
1. promote
only the ideals of the mainstream culture
2. separate
their child from their ethnic history
3. only
help their child maintain a sense of cultural heritage
Answer Location: Competent Social Relationships, page 120
Cognitive Domain: Factual
39. Jenna
and Alan want their daughter to be courteous. To reach this socialization goal,
Jenna and Alan should __________.
40. instruct
her to be courteous (no need to worry about being courteous)
41. only
be courteous (direct instruction has no effect)
*C. both instruct her to be courteous and also act that way
(both actions influence behavior)
1. none
of the above (her sociability will be determined by her genotype)
Answer Location: Competent Social Relationships, page 120
Cognitive Domain: Applied
40. What
was learned from studies of children living in institutions?
*Answer: The absence of appropriate social contact early in life
is deleterious to healthy development. Children were deprived of love, social
interaction and cognitive stimulation.
Answer Location: Experiments of Nature, pages 99, 100
41. Discuss
the difference between a critical and sensitive period in development.
*Answer: A critical period in development represents a time
period early in life when an organism is particularly susceptible or vulnerable
to experiences or substances and damage is irreversible. A sensitive period may
not be irreversible.
Answer Location: Animal Studies, page 101
42. What
is the definition of a “competent” child?
*Answer: The competent child is able to make use of
environmental and personal resources to achieve positive personal development.
Answer Location: Associations between Parenting and Children’s
Outcomes, page 103
43. Briefly
describe Bartholomew’s classification scheme of attachment-based
representations of self and others.
*Answer: In this scheme the views of self and others may be
negative or positive. When view of self and other is positive, the
classification is “secure.” When view of self is positive and other is
negative, the classification is “dismissing.” When view of self is negative and
other is negative, the classification is “preoccupied.” Finally, when view of
self and other is negative, the classification is “fearful.”
Answer Location: Parent-Child Attachment, pages 104, 105
44. What
is the relation between a mother’s attachment-based representation with her own
relationships and her likely attachment status with her child?
*Answer: Mothers who expressed autonomous views of their own
relationships were likely to develop a secure attachment with their infants,
but women who were dismissing or preoccupied were likely to have an insecure
attachment.
Answer Location: Parent-Child Attachment, page 105
45. List
and briefly describe two behavioral genetics-based challenges to the idea that
parents influence child development.
*Answer: (1) Based on twin and adoption studies, David Rowe
argued that the evidence for child-rearing effects on intelligence, personality
variables, and some behaviors was modest at best. Instead, these
characteristics show a strong genetic influence.
(2) Sandra Scarr said that ordinary differences between families
have little effect on children’s development.
(3) Judith Rich Harris claimed that peers were more influential
than parents in affecting child development.
(4) David Cohen claimed that parents cannot take responsibility
for their children’s successes but neither should they be blamed if the child
goes astray.
Answer Location: The Behavioral Genetics Challenge, pages 107,
108
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