Our Society Human Diversity in Canada 4th Edition by Paul U. Angelini – Test Bank
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CHAPTER 3
Social Inequity and Stratification in Canada
Eddie Grattan
Chapter Summary
This chapter has examined several aspects of social inequality
in Canada. For one, the chapter presents that there is inequality of
income and wealth in our society. Although both income and wealth are unequally
distributed, historically inequality of wealth has exhibited greater extremes.
Two major theories, structural functionalism and conflict theory provide
insight into the nature of social inequality, although neither is without
problems.
That social inequality pervades nearly all aspects of our lives
is also explored in this chapter. Social class, race and ethnicity, sex, age,
and physical and mental ability all have an impact on social inequality.
Additionally, this chapter explains that Canada has four major social classes
(three, if working and subworking classes are combined).
Lastly, this chapter on social inequality and stratification
presents that, in recent years, structural changes in the global economy have
increased social inequality in Canada and elsewhere, and predicts that this
looks likely to continue in the future.
Chapter 3 Social Inequity and Stratification in Canada
TEST BANK QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What
kind of society is Canada?
|
a. |
caste |
|
b. |
communist |
|
c. |
stratified |
|
d. |
traditional |
ANS: C
REF: p. 66
2. What
is income?
|
a. |
the money left in a will |
|
|
b. |
the money left over after
taxes |
|
|
c. |
the money you receive from
weekly wages |
|
|
d. |
the flow of money received
over a specified period of time |
|
ANS: D
REF: p. 66
3. What
is wealth?
|
a. |
investment income |
|
|
b. |
the assets left for a
person in a will |
|
|
c. |
the accumulation of income
a person earns over a lifetime |
|
|
d. |
the accumulation of assets,
such as a house, car, savings, cottage, and land |
|
ANS: D
REF: p. 71
4. Which
of the following factors is strongly associated with social inequality?
|
a. |
height |
|
|
b. |
weight |
|
|
c. |
attitude |
|
|
d. |
social background |
|
ANS: D
REF: p. 75
5. What
was the average after-tax income of Canadian families in 2007?
|
a. |
45 300 |
|
|
b. |
59 500 |
|
|
c. |
71 900 |
|
|
d. |
95 300 |
|
ANS: C
REF: p. 68
6. In 2007,
what did the lowest 20 percent of income-earners in Canada earn?
|
a. |
1 percent of total income |
|
|
b. |
4 percent of total income |
|
|
c. |
7 percent of total income |
|
|
d. |
15 percent of total income |
|
ANS: B
REF: p. 69
7. In
2007, what did the highest 20 percent of income-earners in Canada earn?
|
a. |
20 percent of total income |
|
|
b. |
27 percent of total income |
|
|
c. |
46 percent of total income |
|
|
d. |
55 percent of total income |
|
ANS: A
REF: p. 70
8. In
2005, what did the lowest 20 percent of family units in Canada own?
|
a. |
0.1 percent of total net
worth |
|
|
b. |
1 percent of total net
worth |
|
|
c. |
5 percent of total net
worth |
|
|
d. |
20 percent of total net
worth |
|
ANS: A
REF: p. 71
9. From
1999 to 2005, what happened to the median net worth of the lowest quintile?
|
a. |
It dropped by 9.1 percent. |
|
|
b. |
It dropped by 3.6 percent. |
|
|
c. |
It increased by 2.5
percent. |
|
|
d. |
It increased by 7 percent. |
|
ANS: A
REF: p. 72
10. Which
of the following is not an
ascribed status?
|
a. |
sex |
|
|
b. |
ethnicity |
|
|
c. |
attitude |
|
|
d. |
social background |
|
ANS: C
REF: pp. 73-78
11. Who
did Karl Marx consider to be the players in society’s major conflict? The
capitalist class and middle class
|
a. |
the capitalist class and
the working class |
|
|
b. |
the capitalist class and
the bourgeoisie |
|
|
c. |
the working class and the
middle class |
|
|
d. |
the working class and the
middle class |
|
ANS: B
REF: p. 81
12. According
to Marx, what is exploitation related to?
|
a. |
the legal age of employment |
|
|
b. |
the political role of the
workers |
|
|
c. |
the level of wages |
|
|
d. |
the amount of surplus value |
|
ANS: B
REF: p. 82
13. What
did Max Weber write about?
|
a. |
social class and status
groups |
|
|
b. |
inequality as stemming only
from property ownership |
|
|
c. |
the proletariat as the
dominant class |
|
|
d. |
the coming communist
revolution |
|
ANS: A
REF: pp. 81-82
14. Of
the options below, which makes up about 4 to 5 percent of the Canadian
population?
|
a. |
middle class |
|
|
b. |
upper class |
|
|
c. |
working class |
|
|
d. |
subworking class |
|
ANS: B
REF: p. 86
15. Which
of the following is an important element of upward social mobility?
|
a. |
income |
|
|
b. |
sex |
|
|
c. |
age |
|
|
d. |
education |
|
ANS: D
REF: p. 89
TRUE/FALSE
1. Inequality
exists in all societies.
ANS: T
REF: p. 66
2. Income
is defined as the property a person possesses.
ANS: F
REF: p. 67
3. There
is a close relationship between income and wealth.
ANS: T
REF: p. 71
4. Our
ascribed statuses can restrict our ability to achieve our goals.
ANS: T
REF: p. 73
5. Structural–functionalists
consider inequality inevitable and natural.
ANS: T
REF: p. 79
6. Marx
argued that all societies would move smoothly toward communism.
ANS: F
REF: pp. 82-83
7. Weber
argued that property ownership was irrelevant to a society’s functioning.
ANS: F
REF: p. 85
8. The
size of Canada’s working class is insignificant.
ANS: F
REF: p. 87
9. Working-class
people tend to possess relatively little wealth.
ANS: T
REF: p. 87
10. Most
middle-class people have a private education.
ANS: F
REF: p. 87
SHORT ANSWER
1. Describe
the differences between income and wealth, and how income and wealth are
related.
ANS: Answers will vary
2. Describe
the class structure of Canada.
ANS: Answers will vary
3. Compare
and contrast the theories of structural–functionalism and conflict theory.
ANS: Answers will vary
4. What
is an ascribed status? List the main ascribed statuses.
ANS: Answers will vary
5. What
are some of the problems structural–functionalism has in explaining income and
wealth inequality?
ANS: Answers will vary
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Using
Statistics Canada, find data on the average total income for families in two
provinces. Explain why the averages may be different.
ANS: Answers will vary
2. In
what ways does a person’s social background influence his or her life chances?
ANS: Answers will vary
3. Compare
the class structure of Canada with that of Great Britain. What are the major
similarities and differences?
ANS: Answers will vary
4. Summarize
Marx’s theory of inequality. Do you agree or disagree with Marx? Explain.
ANS: Answers will vary
5. Income
and wealth inequality have increased in recent years. What factors explain this
increase?
ANS: Answers will vary
CHAPTER 4
Race and Ethnicity: The Obvious Diversity
Paul U. Angelini and Michelle Broderick
CHAPTER SUMMARY
From its very beginnings, Canada has been a multicultural and
multiracial society. People arrived from all parts of the world and from all
walks of life. Analyzing Canadian immigration history is essential for a
complete understanding of this fact. There are five identifiable stages to the
history of Canadian immigration. Each stage is characterized by at least one
crucial feature.
Stage 1 (beginnings to 1901) is characterized by a large influx
of German, Dutch and Scandinavian immigrants. The arrival of United Empire
Loyalists (with their slaves), fugitive slaves and free people of colour is
another crucial feature of this stage.
Stage 2 (1880–1918) is referred to as the “mightiest movement of
people in modern history.” Europeans were leaving Europe en masse. More than 3
million people arrived in Canada, principally from the United Kingdom (1.25
million), the United States (1 million) and Central and Eastern Europe. Another
important feature is the imposition of the head tax on Chinese immigrants and
the introduction of the “direct passage” stipulation for East Indian
immigrants.
In Stage 3 (1918–1945) Canada (and the United States) began to
put restrictions on immigration. Canada made lists of countries that were
“preferred” or “nonpreferred.” This stage also saw the campaign against
Japanese and Chinese immigrants known as the campaign against the “Yellow
Peril.”
Stage 4 (1945–1974) is recognized as being the most prolonged
period of immigration in Canadian history. Immigrants arriving during these
years were the most diverse in terms of social class, ethnicity and occupation.
Today, we are still in the midst of Stage 5 (1975–?). The
dominant feature of this stage is the arrival of people from the developing
world whose skin colour in not white. The most reported origins of immigrants
are East Indian, Chinese, Sri Lankan, and Filipino. The events of 9/11 have
added another feature to this stage: the rise and use of racial profiling.
There are three dominant sociological theories that attempt to
explain the trials and tribulations of ethnic and race relations in Canada:
conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and structural–functionalism. They
are mutually exclusive theories, and students must understand that choosing
more than one to explain ethnic and race relations in Canada is not an option.
Multiculturalism has come to mean different things to both newly arrived
Canadians and those who have been in Canada for many generations.
Chapter 4 Race and Ethnicity: The Obvious Diversity
TEST BANK QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which
phase of Canadian immigration coincided with the mightiest movement of people
in modern history?
|
a. |
stage 1 |
|
b. |
stage 2 |
|
c. |
stage 3 |
|
d. |
stage 4 |
ANS: B
REF: p. 96
2. The
dominant feature of immigration to Canada since 1975 has been the number of
people arriving from which region?
|
a. |
Antarctica |
|
b. |
Western Europe |
|
c. |
The United States |
|
d. |
The developing world |
ANS: D
REF: p. 101
3. What
was the largest number of immigrants to arrive in Canada in any one year?
|
a. |
150 000 in 1911 |
|
|
b. |
200 000 in 1912 |
|
|
c. |
250 000 in 1914 |
|
|
d. |
400 000 in 1913 |
|
ANS: D
REF: p. 98
4. Black
people comprised what percentage of United Empire Loyalists who came to Canada
after the American Revolution?
|
a. |
5 |
|
b. |
10 |
|
c. |
15 |
|
d. |
20 |
ANS: B
REF: p. 95
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