Organizational Behaviour Understanding And Managing Life At Work 10th Edition by Gary Johns – Test Bank
To Purchase
this Complete Test Bank with Answers Click the link Below
If face any problem or
Further information contact us At tbzuiqe@gmail.com
Sample Test
Organizational Behaviour, 10e (Johns/Saks)
Chapter 3 Perception, Attribution, and Diversity
3.1
1) Which of the following statements most accurately defines
“perception”?
1. A)
Perception is reality.
2. B)
Perception is the tendency to attribute one’s own thoughts and feelings to
others.
3. C)
Perception is the tendency to generalize about people and ignore variations
between individuals.
4. D)
Perception is the process by which motives are assigned to explain people’s
behaviour.
5. E)
Perception is the process of interpreting messages of our senses to provide
meaning.
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page
Ref: 84
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.1 Define perception, and discuss some of the
general factors that influence perception.
2) The three main components of perception are
1. A)
selectivity, constancy, and primacy.
2. B)
primacy, recency, and projection.
3. C)
perceiver, situation, and target.
4. D)
perceiver, situation, and projection.
5. E)
perceiver, target, and attribution.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Type: MC
Page Ref: 85
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.1 Define perception, and discuss some of the
general factors that influence perception.
3) Perceptual defence is
1. A)
the tendency for the perceptual system to defend the perceiver against
unpleasant emotions.
2. B)
the tendency to attribute one’s own thoughts and feelings to others.
3. C)
the tendency to generalize about people and ignore variations between
individuals.
4. D)
the process by which motives are assigned to explain people’s behaviour.
5. E)
the process of interpreting messages of our senses to provide meaning.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Type: MC
Page Ref: 85
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.1 Define perception, and discuss some of the
general factors that influence perception.
4) What aspects of a perceiver can affect his or her perceptions
of a target?
1. A)
Experience, cognitions, and needs
2. B)
Experience, cognitions, and emotions
3. C)
Experience, needs, and values
4. D)
Experience, needs, and beliefs
5. E)
Experience, needs, and emotions
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 85
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.1 Define perception, and discuss some of the
general factors that influence perception.
5) Nicole believes that her presentation was very good even
though she overheard some of her friends say that it was the worst in the
class. What is this an example of?
1. A)
Projection
2. B)
Perceptual defence
3. C) Self-serving
bias
4. D)
Actor-observer effect
5. E)
Fundamental attribution error
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 85
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.1 Define perception, and discuss some of the
general factors that influence perception.
6) Projection is the tendency to act differently from the way we
feel; to put on a false face, so to speak.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF
Page Ref: 89
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.1 Define perception, and discuss some of the
general factors that influence perception.
7) ________ is defined as the failure to perceive unpleasant
emotions.
Answer: Perceptual defence
Diff: 1 Type: SA
Page Ref: 85
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.1 Define perception, and discuss some of the
general factors that influence perception.
8) The perceiver’s experience, needs, and ________ can affect
his or her perceptions of a target.
Answer: emotions
Diff: 2 Type: SA
Page Ref: 85
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.1 Define perception, and discuss some of the
general factors that influence perception.
9) Define “perception.” What are its three main components?
Answer: Perception is the process of interpreting the
messages of our senses to provide order and meaning to the environment. Its
three main components are the perceiver, a target that is being perceived, and
a situational context in which the perception is occurring.
Diff: 2 Type: ES
Page Ref: 84
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.1 Define perception, and discuss some of the
general factors that influence perception.
10) What is perceptual defence? Give an example.
Answer: Perceptual defence is the tendency for the
perceptual system to defend the perceiver against unpleasant emotions. It
occurs whenever we “see what we want to see” or “hear what we want to hear.” A
good example is when an individual fails to see and hear negative things about
themselves that are threatening.
Diff: 2 Type: ES
Page Ref: 85
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.1 Define perception, and discuss some of the
general factors that influence perception.
3.2
1) According to Bruner’s model of the perceptual process, when
an unfamiliar target is encountered, we are likely to be ________ to target
cues. Once the target has been categorized, however, we become ________
selective in our cue search.
1. A)
open; more
2. B)
closed; more
3. C)
open; less
4. D)
closed; less
5. E)
selective; consistent
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 87
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
2) Paul met a salesperson for the first time. His first
impression was that she was pushy, as were most people in sales that Paul had
encountered in the past. According to Bruner’s model of the perceptual process,
Paul is most likely to
1. A)
seek out cues that contradict his first impression.
2. B)
change his perception as soon as new cues become evident.
3. C)
select cues that confirm his first impression.
4. D)
recategorize the target.
5. E)
form a stereotype about the salesperson.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 87
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
3) According to Bruner’s model of perception, we are most open
to cues about a target
1. A)
when the target is first encountered.
2. B)
when the target has been categorized.
3. C)
when the target is very familiar to us.
4. D)
when we already have a lot of information about the target.
5. E)
once the categorization has been strengthened.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Type: MC
Page Ref: 87
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
4) According to social identity theory, our sense of self is
composed of a
1. A)
personal identity and relational identity.
2. B)
personal identity and social identity.
3. C)
social identity and relational identity.
4. D)
self identity and social identity.
5. E)
social identity and normative identity.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
5) Prototypes refer to
1. A)
members of a social category who best represent the attributes of that
category.
2. B)
our unique personal characteristics, such as our interests, abilities, and
traits.
3. C)
our perception that we belong to various social groups, such as our gender,
nationality, and so on.
4. D)
the most typical attributes embodied by members that belong to a social
category.
5. E)
social categories that we use to categorize people such as gender, religion,
and so on.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
6) Which of the following best represents the notion that social
identities are relational and comparative?
1. A)
Medical students are perceived as doctors by patients in the hospital but as
children by their parents.
2. B)
Medical students are perceived as doctors by patients in the hospital but as
students by their professors in the classroom.
3. C)
Medical students are perceived as doctors by patients in the hospital but as
students by themselves.
4. D)
Medical students are perceived as students by patients in the hospital and as
students by their professors in the classroom.
5. E)
Medical students are perceived as students by patients in the hospital before
they graduate, but as doctors by the same patients after they have graduated.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
7) Our sense of self is composed of a self-identity and a social
identity.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
8) Personal identity is based on our unique characteristics,
such as our interests, abilities, and traits.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
9) Social identity is based on our perception that we are
similar to many other individuals.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
10) Your interest in music and your musical talents can
contribute to your personal identity.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
11) Your gender, religion, and occupation are important in the
formation of your personal identity.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
12) A prototype is a member of a social category who is easy to
identify and categorize.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
13) According to ________, people form perceptions of themselves
based on their characteristics and memberships in social categories.
Answer: social identity theory
Diff: 1 Type: SA
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
14) Our ________ is based on our unique personal
characteristics, such as our interests, abilities, and traits.
Answer: personal identity
Diff: 2 Type: SA
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
15) Our ________ is based on our perception that we belong to
various social groups, such as our gender, nationality, religion, occupation,
and so on.
Answer: social identity
Diff: 2 Type: SA
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
16) I am a Canadian male who wants to become a doctor. Knowing
this contributes to my ________.
Answer: social identity
Diff: 2 Type: SA
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
17) I love sports and I am very good at hockey and baseball. I
also really love food and my friends say that I am a great cook. These things
all contribute to my ________.
Answer: personal identity
Diff: 2 Type: SA
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
18) When I see somebody who is Canadian, I begin to perceive
them as being friendly, modest, and nice because these are the ________ that I
associate with the category of Canadian.
Answer: prototypes
Diff: 3 Type: SA
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
19) We tend to see members of a category as embodying the most
typical attributes of that category, or what are called ________.
Answer: prototypes
Diff: 3 Type: SA
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
20) Social identities are relational and ________.
Answer: comparative
Diff: 3 Type: SA
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
21) What is social identity theory and how does it help us
understand stereotypes and discrimination?
Answer: According to social identity theory, people form
perceptions of themselves and others based on their characteristics and
memberships in social categories. Therefore, our sense of self is composed of a
personal identity and a social identity. We categorize ourselves and others to
make sense of and understand the social environment. Once a category has been
chosen, we see members of that category embodying the most typical attributes
of that category. How we categorize the individuals and the associated
attributes can lead to the creation of stereotypes. Further, because we tend to
perceive members of own social categories in more positive and favourable ways
than those who belong to other categories, this can lead to discrimination
towards those who belong to other social categories.
Diff: 3 Type: ES
Page Ref: 86
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.2 Explain social identity theory and Bruner’s
model of the perceptual process.
3.3
1) Which of the following statements may indicate projection by
the speaker?
1. A) “I
didn’t land the contract because the competition was just too good.”
2. B) “I
would never assign a woman to that sales territory.”
3. C)
“Telling a white lie to clinch a sale is perfectly ethical.”
4. D)
“Most of my sales staff think like I think.”
5. E) “I
don’t steal from the company but I’m sure that others do.”
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC
Page Ref: 89
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
2) Which of the following statements is indicative of an
implicit personality theory on the part of the speaker?
1. A)
“Roger is aggressive.”
2. B)
“Accountants are intelligent.”
3. C)
“Introverts are honest.”
4. D)
“Women make bad managers.”
5. E)
“Teenagers drive more recklessly than seniors.”
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC
Page Ref: 89
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
3) My perceptions of people are strongly influenced by how kind
they are to others. Which concept explains my reaction?
1. A)
Central tendency
2. B)
Central trait
3. C)
Similar-to-me effect
4. D)
Primacy effect
5. E)
Projection
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 89
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
4) “You’re just like me. I despise you.” Which perceptual
tendency might the speaker be revealing?
1. A)
Actor-observer effect
2. B)
Self-serving bias
3. C)
Projection
4. D)
Similar-to-me effect
5. E)
Central Trait
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC
Page Ref: 89
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
5) The chairperson opened the meeting by saying “I’m sure you
all agree with me that . . .” What perceptual phenomenon might the speaker be
exhibiting?
1. A)
Implicit personality theory
2. B)
Projection
3. C)
Fundamental attribution error
4. D)
Similar-to-me effect
5. E)
Stereotyping
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 89
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
6) Knowing that a person falls into some social category, we
might assume that he or she possesses certain traits, and that everyone in this
category possesses these traits. This is an example of
1. A)
reliance on central traits.
2. B) a
situational attribution.
3. C)
projection.
4. D) a
stereotype.
5. E)
consensus cues.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 90
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
7) For many months, Sam performed his job excellently. However,
just before his performance evaluation, Sam’s boss saw him insult a client. In
the performance evaluation, the boss gave Sam a very low rating. What happened?
1. A)
Recency effect
2. B)
Harshness
3. C)
Contrast effect
4. D)
Self-serving bias
5. E)
Primacy effect
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 88
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
8) If primacy is operating within a selection interview, the job
candidate would be well advised to
1. A)
get an early appointment to see the interviewer.
2. B)
see the interviewer early in the morning.
3. C) be
sure her good qualities come out early in the interview.
4. D)
engage the interviewer in small talk before getting down to business.
5. E)
ask for a different interviewer.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC
Page Ref: 88
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
9) If recency is operating within a selection interview, the job
candidate would be well advised to
1. A)
see the interviewer late in the day.
2. B)
hold off revealing some good qualities until the end of the interview.
3. C)
try to be the last applicant interviewed.
4. D)
list his or her most recent jobs first on his or her resume.
5. E)
ask for a different interviewer.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC
Page Ref: 88
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
10) Rosa thinks that her new hardworking friend is also very
honest so she agrees to lend him some money. What is this an example of?
1. A)
projection
2. B)
implicit personality theories
3. C)
fundamental attribution error
4. D)
reliance on central traits
5. E)
stereotyping
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 89
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
11) Heloise was happy that the systems manager was fired. She
incorrectly assumed that everyone else in the company was also happy. What
perceptual tendency is at work here?
1. A)
Fundamental attribution error
2. B)
Similar-to-me effect
3. C)
Projection
4. D)
Occupational stereotyping
5. E)
Consensus cues
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 89
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
12) When we invoke ________, we tend not to perceive differences
between people.
1. A)
projection
2. B)
the halo effect
3. C) a
stereotype
4. D)
the recency effect
5. E)
consistency cues
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Type: MC
Page Ref: 90
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
13) A recency effect means that the most recently acquired
information we have about a target person has the least effect on our impression
of the target.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF
Page Ref: 88
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
14) A stereotype suggests that we fail to perceive important
distinctions within a class or category of people.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF
Page Ref: 90
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
15) The more information you have about Bob, the more likely a
stereotype will influence your perceptions of him.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
Page Ref: 90
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
16) I say you are angry when, truly, I am angry. This is an
example of projection.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
Page Ref: 89
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
17) The person who fails to perceive differences among the
members of a class or category of people has fallen prey to a(n) ________.
Answer: stereotype
Diff: 1 Type: SA
Page Ref: 90
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
18) Exaggerating the weight of cues obtained early in an
interaction with someone is the hallmark of the ________.
Answer: primacy effect
Diff: 2 Type: SA
Page Ref: 88
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
19) Attributing our own thoughts, feelings, or attitudes to
someone else is characteristic of ________.
Answer: projection
Diff: 1 Type: SA
Page Ref: 89
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
20) Having a mental model where certain traits tend to “fit
together” is indicative of a(n) ________.
Answer: implicit personality theory
Diff: 2 Type: SA
Page Ref: 89
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
21) Perceptually exaggerating the weight of some newly obtained
information about an old friend is an example of the ________.
Answer: recency effect
Diff: 2 Type: SA
Page Ref: 88
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
22) You have a friend who is very tall and always seems to be
getting paid more than you and everyone else that is shorter than him. One
reason for this might be ________.
Answer: reliance on central traits
Diff: 2 Type: SA
Page Ref: 89
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
23) Describe four common biases which may influence the
impressions that we form of others.
Answer: There are actually six biases in person perception
presented in the text: primacy effect, recency effect, central traits, implicit
personality theories, projection, and stereotyping.
Diff: 2 Type: ES
Page Ref: 88
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.3 Describe the main biases in person
perception.
3.4
1) Driving home from an auto repair shop, you find that the
repair you just paid for wasn’t done properly. Which of the following would increase
your tendency to blame the mechanic’s error on dispositional factors?
1. A)
You have never had a car repair done right the first time by any mechanic.
2. B)
When you picked up the car, the shop manager said that the mechanic had gone
home early because he was injured on the job.
3. C)
This mechanic has done poor repairs on your car twice before.
4. D)
Several friends told you that this mechanic was excellent.
5. E)
You had authorized the mechanic to use reconditioned parts instead of new ones.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
2) “Geraldo acts differently from everyone else.” The speaker in
the statement is invoking a ________ cue.
1. A)
consistency
2. B)
recency
3. C)
distinctiveness
4. D)
consensus
5. E)
situational
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 92
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
3) Which is a potential example of the fundamental attribution
error?
1. A)
John explained his failure to land the big account by saying that the competing
firm had a better product.
2. B)
Nancy explained her department’s success by describing her boss as brilliant.
3. C)
Tom realized that most of his crew failed to get to work because of the big
snowstorm.
4. D)
Rodney defended his boss’s embezzlement by pointing out that he was under
severe marital stress at the time of the incident.
5. E)
Susan acknowledged that her company’s sales growth was largely due to the
booming economy.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC
Page Ref: 93
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
4) “Kevin acts the same as everyone else.” The speaker here is
invoking a ________ cue.
1. A)
recency
2. B)
distinctiveness
3. C)
consensus
4. D)
consistency
5. E)
stereotype
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 92
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
5) We may rely on dispositional explanations when making
judgments about the behaviour of other people because
1. A) we
are making excuses for our own behaviour.
2. B) we
have a tendency to give others the benefit of the doubt when they offend us.
3. C) we
don’t appreciate how their behaviour can vary in other situations.
4. D) we
realize that circumstances beyond their control can cause them to act the way
they do.
5. E) we
have a tendency to project our own thoughts and feelings on others.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC
Page Ref: 93
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
6) When we explain a behaviour by referring to some internal
personality characteristic, we are NOT offering
1. A) an
inference about the cause of the behaviour.
2. B) an
attribution.
3. C) a
dispositional explanation.
4. D) a situational
explanation.
5. E) a
rational explanation.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
7) Bob resigns from a job that most of his friends consider to
be a very good job. Which of the following is a dispositional attribution of
the reason for Bob’s resignation?
1. A)
Bob found a super job somewhere else.
2. B)
Bob is irresponsible and doesn’t know a good thing when he sees it.
3. C)
Bob was forced to move to another city where medical care for his ill daughter
is available.
4. D)
The job that he resigned from was actually very bad.
5. E)
The job that he resigned from was scheduled to be eliminated in an upcoming
restructuring.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
8) The actor-observer effect suggests that
1. A)
actors and observers tend to view the actor’s behaviour in an identical way.
2. B)
actors tend to make dispositional attributions about their own behaviour.
3. C)
actors and observers tend to view the actor’s behaviour in a different way.
4. D)
observers tend to make situational attributions about the actor’s behaviour.
5. E)
actors tend to take credit for successful outcomes and blame failures on
observers.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 94
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
9) On a construction site, Ray drops a wrench and it almost hits
Cecil on the head. If Cecil develops a situational (as opposed to
dispositional) explanation of Ray’s behaviour he might assume that
1. A) he
was the target of a murder attempt.
2. B)
the wrench was oily and it slipped.
3. C)
Ray is stupid.
4. D)
Ray is a careless person.
5. E)
Ray has a poor aim.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
10) A reporter covering a price fixing trial felt that the
alleged price fixer was a crook. The alleged price fixer testified that his
boss pressured him to engage in illegal activities. The alleged price fixer
felt that the reporter’s stories about the trial were the product of a
vindictive and nasty mind. The price fixer explained his own behaviour ________
and that of the reporter ________.
1. A)
situationally; situationally
2. B)
dispositionally, dispositionally
3. C)
situationally; dispositionally
4. D)
dispositionally; situationally
5. E)
desperately, consistently
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
11) The self-serving bias
1. A)
may involve providing excuses for one’s own behaviour.
2. B)
suggests that we will provide dispositional reasons for our failures.
3. C)
suggests that we will provide situational reasons for our successes.
4. D)
may lead one to provide phony compliments when things go well for others.
5. E)
may lead one to attribute their own thoughts and feelings to others.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Type: MC
Page Ref: 94
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
12) Samantha engages in a low consensus behaviour. What other
combination of cues will ensure that an observer makes a dispositional attribution
about the behaviour?
1. A)
The behaviour is also low in distinctiveness and low in consistency.
2. B)
The behaviour is also low in distinctiveness and high in consistency.
3. C)
The behaviour is also high in distinctiveness and low in consistency.
4. D)
The behaviour is also high in distinctiveness and high in consistency.
5. E)
The behaviour is also low in distinctiveness and high in contrast.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
13) “Karen acts differently from everyone else, but Byron acts
the same as everyone else.” The speaker here is invoking a ________ cue to
describe Karen’s behaviour and a ________ cue to describe Byron’s behaviour.
1. A)
distinctiveness; consensus
2. B)
distinctiveness; consistency
3. C)
consensus; consistency
4. D)
consensus; consensus
5. E)
consistency; consistency
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
14) Which is a potential example of the fundamental attribution
error?
1. A)
Shawn thought that her secretary was the kindest person she had ever met.
2. B) Rich
figured that the team was late because of congested air traffic over Atlanta.
3. C)
Pam explained that late report by noting that she wasn’t familiar with the new
software.
4. D)
Cleo mistook the female vice-president for a secretary.
5. E)
Joe attributed the car accident to slippery pavement.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 93
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
15) “He does it everywhere, he does it all the time, and no one
else does it.” Which cue combination is the speaker invoking?
1. A)
High consensus, high consistency, high distinctiveness
2. B)
Low consensus, high consistency, low distinctiveness
3. C)
Low consensus, low consistency, high distinctiveness
4. D)
High consensus, low consistency, low distinctiveness
5. E)
Low consensus, low consistency, low distinctiveness
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
16) “He does it everywhere, he does it all the time, and no one
else does it.” Which attribution is the speaker likely to make?
1. A)
Dispositional
2. B)
Situational
3. C)
Self-serving
4. D)
Temporary situation
5. E)
Actor-observer effect
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
17) Gloria is absent a lot, her co-workers are seldom absent,
and she was absent a lot in her previous job. What kind of attribution is her
manager likely to make?
1. A)
Disposition
2. B)
Situation
3. C)
Temporary situation
4. D)
Temporary disposition
5. E) It
depends on other factors.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Type: MC
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
18) Orli is absent a lot, her co-workers are also absent a lot,
but she was almost never absent in her previous job. What kind of attribution
is her manager likely to make?
1. A)
Disposition
2. B)
Situation
3. C)
Temporary situation
4. D)
Temporary disposition
5. E) It
depends on other factors.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
19) Taylor is seldom absent, her co-workers are seldom absent,
and she was seldom absent in her previous job. What kind of attribution is her
manager likely to make?
1. A)
Disposition
2. B)
Situation
3. C)
Temporary situation
4. D)
Temporary disposition
5. E) It
depends on other factors.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Type: MC
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
20) The fact that people will explain the very same behaviour
differently on the basis of events that happened after the behaviour occurred
is suggested by
1. A)
the fundamental attribution error.
2. B)
the actor-observer effect.
3. C)
the self-serving bias.
4. D)
perceptual defence.
5. E)
contrast effects.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 94
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
21) After writing an exam, Yani told everybody that he studied
really hard and spent a great deal of time preparing for the exam. However,
when the exam grades were posted the following week, Yani did not talk about
how he studied but instead told everybody that the exam was not fair and was
poorly graded. What is this an example of?
1. A)
The fundamental attribution error
2. B)
The actor-observer effect
3. C)
The self-serving bias
4. D)
Perceptual defence
5. E) Contrast
effects
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 94
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
22) The tendency for actors to attribute their behaviour to
situational factors can be overcome by
1. A)
the fundamental attribution error.
2. B)
the actor-observer effect.
3. C)
the self-serving bias.
4. D)
perceptual defence.
5. E)
contrast effects.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 94
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
23) After writing an exam, Yani told everybody that he did not
study very hard and spent the weekend partying and playing video games.
However, when the exam grades were posted the following week, Yani told
everybody that he never studied so hard for an exam in his life and he
described himself as brilliant. What is this an example of?
1. A)
The fundamental attribution error
2. B)
The actor-observer effect
3. C)
The self-serving bias
4. D)
Perceptual defence
5. E)
Contrast effects
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Page Ref: 94
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
24) Other things equal, high consensus behaviour on the part of
an employee will lead a manager to make a dispositional attribution about the
behaviour.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
Page Ref: 92
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
25) Rita inaccurately attributed Tommy’s failure to show up at
work to car problems. This is a potential example of the fundamental
attribution error.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
Page Ref: 93
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
26) Wes inaccurately attributed Nina’s failure to show up at work
to her poor work ethic. This is a potential example of the fundamental
attribution error.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
Page Ref: 93
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
27) “Laurie acts just like her coworker.” In attribution theory
terms, this statement invokes a “low distinctiveness” cue.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3 Type: TF
Page Ref: 92
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
28) If I make a situational attribution about your behaviour, I
am more likely to reward you or punish you than if I make a dispositional
attribution.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
29) The actor-observer effect refers to the remarkable
similarity in the attributions that the actor and an observer make about the
actor’s behaviour.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF
Page Ref: 94
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
30) If I make a dispositional attribution about your behaviour,
I am more likely to reward you or punish you than if I make a situational
attribution.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
31) In attributional terms, highly consistent behaviours are
those that most people engage in.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
32) The fundamental attribution error occurs when we blame
others for our failures and take credit for our successes.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF
Page Ref: 93
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
33) People tend to overemphasize the role that disposition plays
in causing the behaviour of others.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
Page Ref: 93
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
34) The actor-observer effect suggests that actors and observers
will view an actor’s behaviour differently.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF
Page Ref: 94
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
35) Tom attributes Lou’s behaviour to immorality. This is a
situational attribution.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
36) The self-serving bias can overcome the tendency for actors
to attribute their behaviour to situational factors.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
Page Ref: 94
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
37) According to the actor-observer effect, people will explain
the very same behaviour differently on the basis of events that happened after
the behaviour occurred.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
Page Ref: 94
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
38) The tendency for observers to exaggerate the role of
dispositional factors in explaining behaviour is called the ________.
Answer: fundamental attribution error
Diff: 1 Type: SA
Page Ref: 93
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
39) “Roberto acts differently from everyone else at work.” In
attribution theory terms, the speaker has invoked a(n) ________ cue.
Answer: consensus or low consensus
Diff: 2 Type: SA
Page Ref: 92
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
40) “Heathcliffe only acts pretentious at work. Everywhere else
he’s down to earth.” In attribution theory terms, the speaker has invoked a(n)
________ cue.
Answer: distinctiveness
Diff: 3 Type: SA
Page Ref: 92
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
41) ________ is the process of assigning causes to behaviour.
Answer: Attribution
Diff: 1 Type: SA
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
42) The tendency to take credit for successes and deny
responsibility for failures is called the ________.
Answer: self-serving bias
Diff: 1 Type: SA
Page Ref: 94
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
43) A(n) ________ attribution is most likely to be made when
consistency is high and consensus and distinctiveness are low.
Answer: dispositional
Diff: 3 Type: SA
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
44) A(n) ________ attribution is most likely to occur when
distinctiveness, consistency, and consensus are all high.
Answer: situational
Diff: 3 Type: SA
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
45) Jack has just failed his midterm and he is blaming the
professor for making the exam too long and for being a hard marker. This is a
good example of the ________.
Answer: self-serving bias
Diff: 2 Type: SA
Page Ref: 94
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
46) ________ bias can overcome the tendency for actors to
attribute their behaviour to situational factors.
Answer: Self-serving
Diff: 2 Type: SA
Page Ref: 94
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
47) Explain the difference between situational and dispositional
attributions.
Answer: Situational attributions are explanations for
behaviour based on an actor’s external situation or environment. Dispositional
attributions are explanations for behaviour based on an actor’s personality or
intellect.
Diff: 1 Type: ES
Page Ref: 91
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
48) Name and briefly define the three main cues which lead to
attributions. What combination of these cues will likely lead an observer to
make a dispositional attribution? To make a situational attribution?
Answer: The cues are consistency, consensus and distinctiveness.
A dispositional attribution is likely to occur when consistency is high,
consensus is low, and distinctiveness is low. A situational attribution is
likely to occur when consistency, consensus, and distinctiveness are all high.
Diff: 3 Type: ES
Page Ref: 92
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
49) Professor Schaan has just returned an exam to her
organizational behaviour class. Unfortunately, the class average was much lower
than usual, and nearly half the students failed. The students complained that
the test was much too difficult and was full of tricky and misleading
questions. However, Professor Schaan insists that the test was fair and believes
that the students simply did not study hard enough. Use your knowledge of
attribution errors and perceptual biases to analyze this scenario.
Answer: Professor Schaan may be making a fundamental
attribution error by underestimating the situational explanations (e.g., tricky
questions) and overestimating the dispositional explanations (e.g., laziness or
poor study habits). The students’ complaints indicate a self-serving bias by
attributing their poor performance to situational factors (e.g., tricky
questions) rather than accepting personal responsibility.
Diff: 3 Type: ES
Page Ref: 93
Skill: Applied
Objective: 3.4 Describe how people form attributions about
the causes of behaviour and various biases in attribution.
Comments
Post a Comment