Nursing Research Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence Based Practice, 8th Edition by Geri LoBiondo – Test Bank
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Sample
Test
Chapter 03: Gathering and Appraising the Literature
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The
review of literature is important to the research process for which of these
reasons?
|
a. |
It guides all steps of the
research process. |
|
b. |
It provides a vehicle to
disseminate the findings of the study. |
|
c. |
It guides only the conceptualization
of the problem statement. |
|
d. |
It identifies only gaps or
inconsistencies in the knowledge base. |
ANS: A
|
|
Feedback |
|
A |
The review of the
literature is important throughout all stages of a research study. |
|
B |
A completed study may be
published to disseminate the findings of a study and thus become one citation
in a literature review for future studies. However, the literature review
does not ensure this. |
|
C |
The review of the
literature guides the problem statement as it is defined along with all other
parts and stages of a research study. |
|
D |
The review of the
literature contributes to consistencies in the literature, locates
instruments used to measure variables, identifies experts on topics, etc. |
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
(Comprehension)
REF: Page 50
2. The
“6S” pyramid hierarchy of preappraised evidence developed by DiCenso, Bayley,
& Haynes (2009) provides a means to help nurse consumers of research find
preappraised evidence for clinical questions. Using this model, which level of
evidence would be highest?
|
a. |
Summaries such as clinical
practice guidelines |
|
b. |
Synopsis of Synthesis such
as summaries found in the journal Evidence-Based
Nursing |
|
c. |
Syntheses or systematic
reviews such as a Cochrane review |
|
d. |
Studies such as synopses of
a single study |
ANS: A
|
|
Feedback |
|
A |
The highest level of those
presented in the question is Summaries, which include clinical practice
guidelines and electronic evidence-based textbooks. These summaries about
specific conditions are updated regularly. An even higher level of the 6S
pyramid is Computerized Decision Support Systems (CDSS), which integrate
evidence-based clinical information into an electronic medical record. At
present, these systems are not a reality in most institutions and, therefore,
they were not included as an option in this question. |
|
B |
Next highest is Synopsis of
Synthesis, which provides a preappraised summary of a systematic review that
can be found in journals, such as Evidence-Based
Nursing. |
|
C |
Third highest is Syntheses
or systematic reviews such as a Cochrane review. |
|
D |
Lowest in the hierarchy is
Studies, which often refer to synopses of single studies evaluated by a
single expert. |
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
(Comprehension)
REF: Page 55-57
3. For
which of these reasons would a nurse researcher include refereed journals in
the literature review?
|
a. |
The articles are critiqued
by a panel of external reviewers. |
|
b. |
The articles selected for publication
are related to a specific field of knowledge. |
|
c. |
The journals encourage
competition among authors to have their articles published. |
|
d. |
The journals publish only
articles that are primary sources of research findings. |
ANS: A
|
|
Feedback |
|
A |
The articles are critiqued
by a panel of external expert readers. |
|
B |
Articles selected for
publication are sources of the latest information about a great variety of
fields of knowledge. |
|
C |
There is no overt
competition among authors because refereed journals have blinded reviews in
most cases. |
|
D |
Refereed journals are often
the first source of primary research findings, but they may also include
other types of research articles. |
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
(Comprehension)
REF: Page 60
4. A
research article has undergone a blind review for a peer-reviewed journal. The
nurse reading the research article should understand which of the following
about this review process?
|
a. |
The reviewers of the
article did not know the identity of the other reviewers. |
|
b. |
The reviewers of the
article did not know the identity of the author. |
|
c. |
The criteria used to review
the article were not known to the author. |
|
d. |
The criteria used to review
the article were determined by the reviewers. |
ANS: B
|
|
Feedback |
|
A |
The reviewers of the
article may or may not know the identity of the other reviewers. |
|
B |
In a blind review, the
manuscript to be reviewed does not include the name of the author. |
|
C |
A standard set of scholarly
criteria is used to review the article. The criteria are usually known to the
author. |
|
D |
The criteria used to review
the article are established by expert reviewers appointed by the
publication’s editors. |
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
(Comprehension)
REF: Page 60
5. For
which of these reasons would a nurse researcher decide to use secondary sources
in a review of the literature?
|
a. |
They provide material
written by the person who conducted the study. |
|
b. |
They provide a different
way of looking at specific issues or problems. |
|
c. |
They define the
relationship of two or more variables affecting an outcome. |
|
d. |
They supplement the body of
nursing knowledge in a specific area of practice. |
ANS: D
|
|
Feedback |
|
A |
Secondary sources are
authored by an individual other than the researcher who conducted the study. |
|
B |
The evidence is distilled
by an expert and usually provides a critical evaluation or response to a
study, not necessarily a different way of looking at specific issues or
problems. |
|
C |
The relationship of two or
more variables affecting an outcome defines a hypothesis. |
|
D |
Secondary sources published
in refereed journals usually include implications for practice and the work’s
contributions to the development of nursing science. |
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
(Comprehension)
REF: Table 3-1
6. Which
is an example of a primary source
in a literature review?
|
a. |
A video recorded interview
of a nurse researcher |
|
b. |
A critique of a nursing
research study |
|
c. |
An edited textbook on
nursing research |
|
d. |
A review of theoretical
frameworks used in nursing research |
ANS: A
|
|
Feedback |
|
A |
Primary sources include
articles, books, diaries, films, and oral histories of the person who
conducted the study or developed the theory. |
|
B |
A critique of a nursing
research study is a secondary source. |
|
C |
An edited textbook on
nursing research is a secondary source. |
|
D |
A review of theoretical
frameworks is a secondary source. |
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
(Comprehension)
REF: Table 3-1
7. Which
is an example of a secondary source
in a literature review?
|
a. |
An oral history of a nurse
researcher |
|
b. |
An investigator’s report of
a research study |
|
c. |
A summary and critique of
another’s scholarly work |
|
d. |
An autobiography of a
developer of a nursing theory |
ANS: C
|
|
Feedback |
|
A |
An oral history of a nurse
researcher is a primary source. |
|
B |
An investigator’s report of
a research study is a primary source. |
|
C |
Secondary sources include
materials written by persons other than the person who conducted a research
study or developed a particular theory. |
|
D |
An autobiography of a
developer of a nursing theory is a primary source. |
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
(Comprehension)
REF: Table 3-1
8. Which
of these electronic databases is the most relevant
and frequently used source for nursing literature?
|
a. |
MEDLINE |
|
b. |
CINAHL |
|
c. |
Cochrane Collaboration |
|
d. |
National Guideline
Clearinghouse |
ANS: B
|
|
Feedback |
|
A |
MEDLINE includes some
nursing sources, but it is not the most comprehensive database for nursing. |
|
B |
CINAHL is the most relevant
and frequently used source for nursing literature, covering nursing and related
literature from 1956 to the present. |
|
C |
The Cochrane Collaboration
provides access to abstracts from Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews but
is not a nursing literature source. |
|
D |
The National Guideline
Clearinghouse provides evidence-based clinical practice guidelines but is not
a nursing literature source. |
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
(Knowledge)
REF: Page 60
9. When
comparing MEDLINE and CINAHL databases, which of these differences will the
nurse find?
|
a. |
The coverage of MEDLINE
dates back to 1975, whereas the coverage of CINAHL dates back to 1980. |
|
b. |
MEDLINE’s journal coverage
includes more than 10,000 biomedical journals, whereas CINAHL’s coverage
includes more than 5000 journals. |
|
c. |
MEDLINE’s database size is
more than 21 million records, whereas CINAHL’s database size is more than 3.2
million records. |
|
d. |
MEDLINE has more than 500
Evidence-Based Care Sheets, whereas CINAHL has more than 50 Evidence-Based
Care Sheets. |
ANS: C
|
|
Feedback |
|
A |
The coverage of MEDLINE
dates back to 1947, whereas the coverage of CINAHL dates back to 1937. |
|
B |
MEDLINE’s journal coverage
includes more than 5600 biomedical journals, whereas CINAHL’s coverage
includes more than 5000 journals. |
|
C |
MEDLINE’s database size is more
than 21 million records, whereas CINAHL’s database size is more than 3.2
million records. |
|
D |
CINAHL has more than 130
Evidence-Based Care Sheets, whereas MEDLINE has a Clinical Queries tool to
filter for systematic reviews. |
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
(Comprehension)
REF: Table 3-3
10. A
general timeline for a literature search for an academic paper or project is to
go back how far in the literature?
|
a. |
At least the last 6 months
to 2 years |
|
b. |
At least the past 3 to 5
years |
|
c. |
At least the past 6 to 10
years |
|
d. |
At least the past 12 to 15
years |
ANS: B
|
|
Feedback |
|
A |
The most recent 6 months to
2 years is an insufficient timeline for an academic paper or project. |
|
B |
The past 3 to 5 years is a sufficient
timeline for an academic paper or project because recent literature is
relevant and may include classic references in reference lists. |
|
C |
Six to 10 years is probably
longer than the timeline needed for the search. |
|
D |
Twelve to 15 years is
likely to be much longer than the timeline needed for the search. |
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
(Comprehension)
REF: Page 64
11. A
nurse is encouraged to use a Boolean operator to more efficiently perform an
electronic search of the literature. The nurse should understand that a Boolean
operator is what?
|
a. |
A specialized reference
librarian who can assist in searches of electronic medical and nursing
databases |
|
b. |
A software program that
enables combinations of permissions and restrictions for a database search |
|
c. |
A definition of the
relationship between words or groups of words in a literature search such as
“and” |
|
d. |
A clinical query that can
be performed to focus on a particular clinical issue or practice question |
ANS: C
|
|
Feedback |
|
A |
Although reference
librarians can be helpful for electronic database searches, they are not
Boolean operators. |
|
B |
A Boolean operator is not a
software program but refers to variables that define an electronic database
search. |
|
C |
A Boolean operator defines
the relationships between words or groups of words in the literature search.
These include the words, “and,” “or,” and “not.” |
|
D |
A Boolean operator is not a
query for a clinical issue or practice question. |
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
(Comprehension)
REF: Page 68
12. Which
command is an example of a Boolean connection used when ordering an electronic
literature search?
|
a. |
Explode topic |
|
b. |
Limit search to abstracts |
|
c. |
Search from years 2003 to
2013 |
|
d. |
Search diabetes diagnosis
and treatment |
ANS: D
|
|
Feedback |
|
A |
“Explode topic” is a search
strategy, not a Boolean connection. |
|
B |
Limiting the search to
abstracts is not a Boolean connection. |
|
C |
Specifying the time limit
of the search is not a Boolean connection. |
|
D |
Boolean connections include
the terms “and,” “not,” and “or,” which link thesaurus terms and influence
the search. |
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
(Comprehension)
REF: Page 68
13. Which
website is an important source for clinical evidence but limited as a provider
of primary documents for literature reviews?
|
a. |
CINAHL |
|
b. |
MEDLINE |
|
c. |
Cochrane Library |
|
d. |
PsychINFO |
ANS: C
|
|
Feedback |
|
A |
CINAHL contains many
primary source citations. |
|
B |
MEDLINE contains many
primary source citations. |
|
C |
The Cochrane Library is
important as a source for clinical evidence but limited as a provider of
primary documents for literature reviews. |
|
D |
PsycINFO includes
professional and academic literature in psychology. |
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
(Comprehension)
REF: Table 3-4
14. What
is considered to be essential to
a thorough and relevant review of the literature?
|
a. |
Use of both published and
unpublished sources |
|
b. |
Critical evaluation of
mainly primary sources |
|
c. |
Liberal use of secondary
sources |
|
d. |
Evaluation of both
quantitative and qualitative sources |
ANS: B
|
|
Feedback |
|
A |
Although both published and
unpublished sources may be used, it is the evaluation of primary published
sources that is most important. |
|
B |
A thorough and accurate
evaluation of mainly primary sources of information is necessary for a
thorough and relevant literature review. |
|
C |
Secondary sources may be
used, but they should be used sparingly. |
|
D |
Although both quantitative
and qualitative sources may be used, it is not necessary to include both in a
review of the literature. |
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
(Comprehension)
REF: Table 3-1
15. Which
objective of a review of the literature is unique to a review for research
purposes, rather than a review for evidence-based practice?
|
a. |
Discover conceptual
frameworks used to examine problems |
|
b. |
Generate useful research
questions and hypotheses |
|
c. |
Determine what is unknown
about a subject, as well as what requires clarification |
|
d. |
Uncover a new practice
intervention or gain support for current interventions and policies |
ANS: B
|
|
Feedback |
|
A |
Conceptual frameworks are
useful for both formal research and evidence-based practice. |
|
B |
For research purposes, the
literature review focuses the study by discovering gaps or conflicts in the
literature and identifying areas where little research evidence exists. This
helps define the research questions and hypotheses. |
|
C |
Both formal research and
evidence-based practice are concerned with what is known about a subject, as
well as what requires clarification. |
|
D |
Uncovering new practice
interventions or gaining support for current practices is primarily in the
realm of evidence-based practice. |
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
(Comprehension)
REF: Page 50
16. Which
of these factors limits the usefulness of the World Wide Web as a source of
information for research consumers?
|
a. |
Downloading from the Web
can be a slow process. |
|
b. |
Nontext capabilities reduce
the professionalism of presentations. |
|
c. |
There is little quality
control over the information on many websites. |
|
d. |
Much of the available
information is too technical to be understood by the casual reader. |
ANS: C
|
|
Feedback |
|
A |
Downloading is often a
rapid process. |
|
B |
This is not an accurate
statement about the professionalism of presentations and nontext
capabilities. |
|
C |
Many sources are not data
based and primary sources. It is not always evident which sources are data
based and which are not. |
|
D |
Much information on the Web
is comprehensible to the casual reader. |
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
(Comprehension)
REF: Page 63
17. When
the nurse researcher conducts an electronic literature search, the search
yields more than 7000 citations for the topic. The researcher should make which
of these interpretations of the finding?
|
a. |
The search was
comprehensive. |
|
b. |
The key words were not
sufficiently narrowed. |
|
c. |
The topic does not require
additional investigation. |
|
d. |
The topic has broad
application across health care disciplines. |
ANS: B
|
|
Feedback |
|
A |
The search was too broad
and included too many citations to scroll through. |
|
B |
Limiting the focus is
necessary using thesaurus terms. |
|
C |
The topic required a more
manageable number of retrievals. |
|
D |
The topic is too broad and
may or may not apply across various health care disciplines. |
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding
(Comprehension)
REF: Page 55
18. Why
would a nurse researcher choose to use multiple online fee-based databases such
as CINAHL and MEDLINE?
|
a. |
The charges for these
services are minimal. |
|
b. |
Databases are updated
weekly or monthly. |
|
c. |
An independent professional
critique of each work accompanies the full text. |
|
d. |
The service provides
translations to English of articles written in other languages. |
ANS: B
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