Nursing Leadership and Management Canadian Edition by Alice Gaudine – Test Bank
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Sample
Test
Multiple
Choice Questions
1) A senior executive in a pharmaceutical company holds an
employee meeting to discuss its quarterly sales. Sales have decreased from the
previous quarter and incentives have been put in place to encourage employees
to perform better. These incentives include pay increases, promotions, and time
off. In offering these incentives, the type of power the senior executive is demonstrating
__________ power.
1. legitimate
2. referent
3. expert
4. reward
Answer: d
Rational for correct answer:
1. Incorrect:
Legitimate power is based on someone’s official or formal position and the
perception that this person has the right to exert influence and expect
compliance.
2. Incorrect:
Referent power is based on personal attractive qualities.
3. Incorrect:
Expert power is based on the perceived extent of a person’s knowledge or
expertise.
4. Correct:
Reward power is based on the ability of the person in the senior position to
provide rewards, such as pay increases, promotions, special privileges, and
other benefits.
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment
Integrated Nursing Process: Evaluation
Objective: 1—Define power and politics and
describe differing perspectives on their use in organizations
2) Politics can be defined as
1. tactical
activities a person takes to influence the decisions or actions of others.
2. the
ability to exert actions that directly or indirectly cause change in the
behaviour of others.
3. a
person’s ability to apply punishment or withhold rewards.
4. a
person’s formal position and the perception that the person has a right to
exert influence.
Answer: a
Rational for correct answer:
1. Correct:
Politics is defined as the tactical activities a person takes to influence the
decisions or actions of others.
2. Incorrect:
This is the definition of power.
3. Incorrect:
This is the definition of reward power.
4. Incorrect:
This is the definition of legitimate power.
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment
Integrated Nursing Process: Evaluation
Objective: 1—Define power and politics
and describe differing perspectives on their use in organizations
3) The three groups of people that affect power relations in an
organization are the __________ groups.
1. naïve,
cynics, and in between
2. politicians,
cynics, and in between
3. unions,
management, and cynics
4. management,
cynics, and politicians
Answer: a
Rational for correct answer:
1. Correct:
According to Kotter (1985), those who are naïve (believing that power and
influence don’t exist at all in organizations and that all is harmonious),
those who are cynics (believing that organizations are rife with power
struggles), and those who hold a middle view (in between these two extremes)
all affect power relations in organizations.
2. Incorrect:
3. Incorrect:
4. Incorrect:
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment
Integrated Nursing
Process: Evaluation
Objective: 2—Analyze
power relationships in the workplace and the sources of power of the actors or
units/departments of an organization
4) According to Kanter, the key source of power for productivity
and accomplishment in the workplace is __________.
1. the
individual
2. a
person’s position and power built into the position
3. the person’s
ability to communicate
4. the
person’s adaptability to change
Answer: b
Rational for correct answer:
1. Incorrect:
The key source of power for productivity and accomplishment in the workplace is
a person’s position and the power that is built into that position.
2. Correct:
The key source of power for productivity and accomplishment in the workplace is
a person’s position and the power that is built into that position.
3. Incorrect:
The key source of power for productivity and accomplishment in the workplace is
a person’s position and the power that is built into that position.
4. Incorrect:
The key source of power for productivity and accomplishment in the workplace is
a person’s position and the power that is built into that position.
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment
Integrated Nursing
Process: Evaluation
Objective: 2—Analyze
power relationships in the workplace and the sources of power of the actors or
units/departments of an organization
5) Positive perceptions of power in the workplace include
__________.
1. dominance
over others
2. the
contribution to order and effectiveness
3. differing
cultural views
4. differing
psychological and behavioural consequences
Answer: b
Rational for correct answer:
1. Incorrect:
This is a negative consequence/perception of power in the workplace.
2. Correct:
Positive perceptions of power in the workplace include the contribution to
order and effectiveness.
3. Incorrect:
This is a negative consequence/perception of power in the workplace.
4. Incorrect:
This is a negative consequence/perception of power in the workplace.
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment, health promotion and maintenance
Integrated Nursing
Process: Evaluation
Objective: 3—Debate
the positive and negative perceptions of power and politics in the workplace
6) Negative perceptions of politics in the workplace include
__________.
1. competing
interests and goals
2. diverse
interests can be sorted out in a just way
3. association
between power and reward
4. organizational
structure
Answer: a
Rational for correct answer:
1. Correct:
Mintzberg’s (1983) negative view of politics in the workplace describes
politics as 1) behaviour outside of the legitimate systems of influence, and
often in opposition to them; 2) behaviour designed to benefit the individual or
group, ostensibly at the expense of the organization at large; and 3) behaviour
that is divisive or conflictive in nature, pitting individuals or groups
against the organization or against each other.
2. Incorrect:
This is not a description of politics in the workplace.
3. Incorrect:
This is not a description of politics in the workplace.
4. Incorrect:
This is not a description of politics in the workplace.
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment
Integrated Nursing
Process: Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
Objective: 3—Debate
the positive and negative perceptions of power and politics in the workplace
7) Which of the following workplace scenarios empowers
employees?
1. There
are many rules inherent in the job.
2. There
is little publicity about job activities.
3. There
is a high level of contact with senior officials.
4. There
is little opportunity for advancement of subordinates.
Answer: c
Rational for correct answer:
1. Incorrect: This
would limit the empowerment of employees.
2. Incorrect: This
would limit the empowerment of employees.
3. Correct: Workplace
scenarios in which employees are more likely to feel empowered include
workplaces where there is flexibility around the use of people; where there is
interpersonal contact in the job; where there is contact with senior officials;
where there is an opportunity to participate in programs, conferences, and
meetings; where there is participation in problem-solving task forces; and
where there are advancement prospects for subordinates (see Table 3.1, p. 74,
in your textbook). Options
4. Incorrect: This
would limit the empowerment of employees.
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment, psychological integrity
Integrated Nursing
Process: Implementation
Objective: 4—Discuss
how an organization may be structured to empower employees
8) When developing the strategic plan for an organization, the
types of power that might be articulated by organizations to empower employees
would be __________.
1. reward,
expert, and referent power
2. public,
reward, and expert power
3. politics,
expert, and reward power
4. salary,
expert, and referent power
Answer: a
Rational for correct answer:
1. Correct:
Correct.
2. Incorrect:
Public is not type of power.
3. Incorrect:
Politics is not a type of power.
4. Incorrect:
Salary is not a type of power.
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment, psychological integrity
Integrated Nursing
Process: Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
Objective: 4—Discuss
how an organization may be structured to empower employees
9) A board of directors and senior physician in a tertiary care
centre are described as being __________.
1. powerless
in hospital decision-making
2. oppressed
in the hospital decision-making process
3. influential
in hospital decision-making
4. support
staff to those who make decisions in hospitals
Answer: c
Rational for correct answer:
1. Incorrect:
2. Incorrect:
3. Correct:
Members of the board of directors and senior physicians in a tertiary care
centre fall under the system of authority, which gives formal power and
legitimate authority to the holder of an official position. As such, they are
influential in the decision-making process.
4. Incorrect:
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment, psychological integrity
Integrated Nursing
Process: Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
Objective: 5—Describe
the groups in organizations who can exert power and ways in which power can
operate
10) Which system of influence in an organization involves a
sense of mission and shared goals, traditions, socialization, and loyalty?
1. the
system of ideology
2. the
system of authority
3. the
system of expertise
4. the
system of politics
Answer: a
Rational for correct answer:
1. Correct:
The system of ideology refers to a system of beliefs about the organization
that integrates personal and institutional goals, so that this ideology has an
influence on the way members think and act.
2. Incorrect:
The system of authority refers to the formal power that accrues to the holder
of an official position.
3. Incorrect:
The system of expertise arises in organizations that rely on professionals for
the complex work required in the organization.
4. Incorrect:
The system of politics arises in organizations because employees have delegated
power that gives them the discretion to make decisions at some level.
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment, psychological integrity
Integrated Nursing
Process: Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
Objective: 5—Describe
the groups in organizations who can exert power and ways in which power can
operate
11) The local member of the legislative assembly has made a
promise to decrease the wait times for surgery in the hospital in his riding.
There has not been an evaluation of the methodology he has proposed. In fact,
the proposed plan will cause budgetary problems for other areas of the
hospital. This is an example of a __________.
1. political
action
2. political
ploy
3. political
game
4. political
pattern
Answer: c
Rational for correct answer:
1. Incorrect:
This terms does not describe this kind of political manoeuvre.
2. Incorrect:
This terms does not describe this kind of political manoeuvre.
3. Correct:
Political games are patterns of behaviours engaged in by political actors who
attempt to achieve their own ends, rather than the overall good of the whole
organization.
4. Incorrect:
This terms does not describe this kind of political manoeuvre.
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment
Integrated Nursing
Process: Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
Objective: 6—Discuss
how politics plays out in organizations and the strategies and games that can
be used in health care organizations
12) A ________ strategy is when a group of people are threatened
or forced to change their behaviour through assertiveness, sanctions, or
blocking through non-cooperation.
1. push
2. pull
3. persuasion
4. preventive
Answer: a
Rational for correct answer:
1. Correct:
Push strategies threaten or force others to change behaviour through
assertiveness, sanctions, or blocking through non-cooperation.
2. Incorrect:
Pull strategies use positive motivation to influence behaviour through
recognition, benefits, or the satisfaction of needs and goals.
3. Incorrect:
Persuasion strategies appeal to logical reasoning or convincing others about
behaviour in relation to goals.
4. Incorrect:
Preventive strategies are intended to prevent an issue from arising and may
involve focusing attention elsewhere, avoiding a topic, or leaving it off an
agenda.
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment, psychological integrity
Integrated Nursing
Process: Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
Objective: 6—Discuss
how politics plays out in organizations and the strategies and games that can
be used in health care organizations
13) During an interview about her career, the local Director of
Nursing identified situations where power and politics were used in her career.
One of situations she identified might have been ________.
1. provision
of patient care
2. leadership
changes
3. educational
opportunities
4. operating
room efficiencies
Answer: b
Rational for correct answer:
1. Incorrect:
While it is possible that power and politics could be at work in these specific
situations, leadership changes have been identified as an area where power and
politics will always be used.
2. Correct:
Situations in which politics and power may be at work in an organization
include strategic planning processes, budgeting processes, capital planning
processes, periods of constrained resources in health care (e.g., downsizing),
leadership change, implementation of changes in work (e.g., reorganization,
re-engineering), and any process involving allocation of resources.
3. Incorrect:
While it is possible that power and politics could be at work in these specific
situations, leadership changes have been identified as an area where power and
politics will always be used.
4. Incorrect:
While it is possible that power and politics could be at work in these specific
situations, leadership changes have been identified as an area where power and
politics will always be used.
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment, psychological integrity
Integrated Nursing
Process: Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
Objective: 7—Identify
the types of situations in health care organizations that give rise to use of
power and politics
Short
Answer Questions
14) Provide an example of each of the following.
1. Reward
power
2. Coercive
power
3. Expert
power
Answer: Correct answers should
include:
1. Reward
power—Ability of person in senior position to provide rewards (pay increases,
promotions, privileges, etc.)
2. Coercive
power—Power to apply punishment or withhold rewards (termination)
3. Expert
power—Perceived extent of a person’s knowledge or expertise
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment
Integrated Nursing
Process: Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
Objective: 1—Define
power and politics and describe differing perspectives on their use in
organizations
15) Match each of terms in column A with the correct corresponding
statement from column B.
|
Column A |
Column B |
|
personal attribute |
anger |
|
personal behaviour |
can accrue power |
|
personal actions |
sphere of influence |
|
control over resources |
person who allocates office
space |
|
ability to cope |
successful marketing |
|
formal position |
being articulate |
Answer:
personal attribute—being articulate
personal behaviour—anger
personal actions—successful marketing
control over resources—person who allocates office space
ability to cope—can accrue power
formal position—sphere of influence
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment, psychological integrity
Integrated Nursing Process: Implementation,
Evaluation
Objective: 2—Analyze power relationships
in the workplace and the sources of power of the actors or units/departments of
an organization
16) Discuss three positive and three negative perceptions of
power in the workplace.
Answer: Points to include in correct
answer:
·
Negative perceptions
·
dominance over others
·
hold-over from pre-democratic periods where leader was cruel
tyrant
·
social inequality, abuse and rule by elites
·
westerners showed a negative association between power and
cooperation
·
differing cultural views of power may lead to differing
psychological and behavioural consequences in the workplace
·
Positive perceptions
·
contribute to order and effectiveness
·
Westerners showed positive association between power and reward
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment, psychological integrity
Integrated Nursing Process: Planning,
Implementation, Evaluation
Objective: 3—Debate the positive and
negative perceptions of power and politics in the workplace
17) For each of the following tasks, indicate where the
corresponding factor is high or low. An example is provided.
|
Answer:
|
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment, psychological integrity
Integrated Nursing Process: Planning,
Implementation, Evaluation
Objective: 4—Discuss how an organization
may be structured to empower employees
18) Explain each of the following:
1. Internal
coalition
2. The
system of authority
3. The
system of ideology
4. The
system of expertise
5. The
system of politics
Answer:
Correct answer for A should include:
·
top management
·
operators
·
line managers
·
analysts
·
support staff
Correct answer for B should include:
·
formal power that accrues to the holder of an official position
(e.g., CEO)
·
they establish and design the hierarchy or chain of authority
Correct answer for C should include:
·
beliefs about the organization that integrates personal and
institutional goals
·
involves a sense of mission and shared goals, traditions,
identification, socialization, and loyalty
Correct answer for D should include:
·
rely on professionals for the complex work required in
organization
·
relies on less bureaucratic form of organization
Correct answer for E should include:
·
employees have delegated power that gives them discretion to
make decisions at some level
·
discretion in work makes the use of political power possible
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment, psychological integrity
Integrated Nursing Process: Planning,
Implementation, Evaluation
Objective: 5—Describe
the groups in organizations and the strategies and games that can be used in
health care organizations
19) Provide an example of each of the following:
1. Push
strategies
2. Pull
strategies
3. Persuasion
strategies
4. Preventive
strategies
5. Preparatory
strategies
Answer:
Correct answers should include:
1. Push
strategies—threaten or force others to change behaviour through assertiveness,
sanctions, or blocking through non-cooperation
2. Pull
strategies—positive motivation to influence behaviour through recognition,
benefits, or the satisfaction of needs and goals
3. Persuasion
strategies—appeal to logical reasoning or convincing others about behaviour in
relation to goals
4. Preventive
strategies—designed to prevent an issue from arising and may involve focusing
attention elsewhere, avoiding a topic, or leaving it off an agenda
5. Preparatory
strategies—aimed at preparing the ground or creating the conditions favourable
to other strategies and range from the way in which someone dresses to create
an impression, to ordering the agenda in a favourable way, to simply pouring on
the charm
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment, psychological integrity
Integrated Nursing Process: Planning,
Implementation, Evaluation
Objective: 6—Discuss how politics plays
out in organizations and the strategies and games that can be used in health
care organizations
20) Provide two examples of each level of the multi-level
framework that reflects politics in nursing.
Answer:
Correct answers should include at least two points from each of
the following.
·
Interpersonal Level
o relationships
with patients
o relationships
with colleagues
o negotiation
o power
in interaction
·
Organizational Level
o dominant
groups and coalitions in organizations
o institutional
policies
o power
of the institution
o organizational
hierarchy
·
External Level
o national/governmental
policies
o political
action to influence policy
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment, psychological integrity
Integrated Nursing Process: Implementation,
Evaluation
Objective: 7—Identify the types of
situations in health care organizations that give rise to use of power and
politics
Chapter
4
Multiple
Choice Questions
1) The theory used to explain how innovation is adopted within a
population depends upon __________.
1. compatibility
2. connectivity
3. complacency
4. continuance
Answer: a
Rationale for correct answer:
1. Correct:
Diffusion of innovations theory is a marketing theory that was developed to
explain how an innovation was adopted throughout a population. According to
this theory, innovation depends on five features: relative change,
compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability.
2. Incorrect:
This is not included in the five features of Diffusion of Innovations theory.
3. Incorrect:
This is not included in the five features of Diffusion of Innovations theory.
4. Incorrect:
This is not included in the five features of Diffusion of Innovations theory.
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment
Integrated Nursing Process: Assessment,
Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
Objective: 1—Analyze how change theories
could be used to guide planned change in health care settings
2) Eliminating the obstacles to change, adjusting systems, and
encouraging risk taking represent which part of the change process?
1. planning
for and creating short-term wins
2. institutionalizing
new approaches
3. creating
a vision
4. empowering
others to act on the vision
Answer: d
Rationale for correct answer:
1. Incorrect:
This phase within Kotter’s “Eight-Stage Change Process” includes planning for visible
performance improvements, creating those improvements and recognizing and
rewarding employees involved in the improvements.
2. Incorrect:
This phase within Kotter’s “Eight-Stage Change Process” includes articulating
the connections between the new behaviours and corporate success, and
developing the means to ensure leadership development and succession.
3. Incorrect:
This phase within Kotter’s “Eight-Stage Change Process” includes creating a
vision to help direct the change effort and developing strategies for achieving
that vision.
4. Correct:
Within Kotter’s “Eight-Stage Change Process,” stage 5, empowering others to act
on a vision, includes getting rid of obstacles to change; changing systems or
structures that seriously undermine the vision; and encouraging risk-taking and
non-traditional ideas, activities, and actions.
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment, psychological integrity
Integrated Nursing Process: Planning,
Implementation, Evaluation
Objective: 1—Analyze how change theories
could be used to guide planned change in health care settings
3) The medical-surgical unit in the local hospital has
implemented a new closed drainage suction dressing for wound care. The staff
are resistant to this new equipment. What may be one of the reasons for their
resistance to the new method of wound care?
1. They
know that there is a need for change.
2. They
believe that they may not be able to do the things now required of them.
3. They
received an in-service that prepared them to use the equipment.
4. Previous
practices were acknowledged as having been well done.
Answer: b
Rationale for correct answer:
1. Incorrect:
This is a reason for accepting change, not resisting it.
2. Correct:
Austin and Claassen (2008) identified six potential reasons for resistance to
change in the workplace: 1) fear that employees may be unable to perform well;
2) belief that they may not be able to do things now required; 3) sense of loss
experienced about the former way of doing things; 4) perception that this means
previous practices were not good; 5) not understanding or knowing how to do
things differently; and 6) not understanding the need for change.
3. Incorrect:
This is a reason for accepting change, not resisting it.
4. Incorrect:
This is a reason for accepting change, not resisting it.
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment, psychological integrity
Integrated Nursing Process: Assessment,
Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
Objective: 2—Discuss how employees might
respond to change and how resistance to change may be lessened.
4) The medical-surgical unit in the local hospital has
implemented a new closed drainage suction dressing for wound care. The staff
are resistant to this new equipment. How might the nurse manager or nurse
educator on the unit assist the staff to lessen their resistance to the change?
1. discourage
discussion of their feelings toward the change
2. present
the change as a continuation of their previous practice
3. explain
that previous practices were deficient
4. ignore
any negative comments about the change
Answer: b
Rationale for correct answer:
1. Incorrect:
This would increase employee resistance to change.
2. Correct:
Austin and Claassen (2008) note, “If the change is presented as a continuation
of previous practice, the resistance can be decreased.” This can prevent
employees from feeling bad about their former practices and also increase their
confidence that they can do things differently because the new ways have
something in common with the old ways.
3. Incorrect:
This would increase employee resistance to change.
4. Incorrect:
This would increase employee resistance to change.
Client need per NCLEX: safe
and effective care environment, psychological integrity
Integrated Nursing Process: Planning,
Implementation, Evaluation
Objective: 2—Discuss how employees might
respond to change and how resistance to change may be lessened.
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