Natural Hazards And Disasters 4th Edition by Donald Hyndman – Test Bank

 

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 3

EARTHQUAKES AND THEIR CAUSES

 

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1.    What is the approximate highest frequency of vibration (of back and forth shaking) in earthquakes?

2.    2-3 cycles per minute

3.    2-3 cycles per second

c.       20-30 cycles per second

1.    2,000-3,000 cycles per second

2.    20,000-30,000 cycles per second

 

ANSWER: c

2.      Which type of earthquake waves shake with the largest amplitudes (largest range of motion)?

1.    compressional waves

2.    shear waves

c.       surface waves

1.    P waves

2.    S waves

 

ANSWER: c

 

3.      How is the distance to the source of an earthquake determined?

1.    by calling many seismograph operators to see who felt it most strongly

b.      by subtracting the travel times of P and S waves

1.    by measuring the frequency of the P waves as they arrive at a seismograph

2.    by measuring the height of the S waves recorded on a seismograph

3.    by adding the travel times of the L waves and the Raleigh waves

 

ANSWER: b

 

4.      What does the Richter Magnitude Scale depend on?

a.       the maximum amplitude of earthquake waves on a seismograph

1.    the frequency of P waves recorded on a seismograph

2.    the intensity of shaking during the earthquake

3.    the amount of destruction by the earthquake

4.    the distance to the earthquake focus

ANSWER: a

 

 

5.      A magnitude 7 earthquake has how much higher ground motion than a magnitude 6 earthquake on a seismogram?

a.       twice as high

b.      10 times higher

1.    32 times higher

2.    about 100 times higher

3.    about 1,000 times higher

 

ANSWER: b

 

6.      Which type or types of earthquake waves move only near the surface of the Earth?

a.       all earthquake waves

b.      P waves

c.       surface waves

d.      S waves

e.       waves from faults that break near-surface rocks

 

ANSWER: c

 

7.    What kind of material is subject to liquefaction during an earthquake?

8.    clay saturated with saltwater

9.    soils that are not saturated with water

10.  swelling clay saturated with water

11.  loose sand grains with water between the grains

12.  poorly compacted artificial fill dumped into the edge of a bay to add usable land

 

ANSWER: d

8.      What does the Mercalli Intensity Scale depend on?

a.       how much damage occurred in an area

b.      the intensity of shaking of the seismograph

c.       the amplitude of movement of the seismograph needle

d.      the strength of rocks broken along the fault

e.       the frequency of the earthquake waves as they reach the seismograph

 

ANSWER: a

 

9.    Why do parking garages often fail and fall during an earthquake?

10.  Garages fall due to a lack of steel reinforcing bars.

11.  Garages are made of poor quality concrete.

12.  Horizontal spans across the large openings are too long to support the weight of vehicles.

13.  Horizontal support beams shake off their vertical columns because they are often not well braced.

14.  The vertical concrete supports are too thin to support the load.

 

ANSWER: d

10.  What is the approximate P-wave velocity through the Earth’s mantle?

a.       8 meters per second

b.      80 meters per second

c.       8 kilometers per second

d.      80 kilometers per second

e.       800 kilometers per second

ANSWER: c

11.  Which type or types of earthquake waves arrive at a distant seismograph most quickly by traveling by moving through the mantle of the Earth?

a.       both P and S waves

b.      both P and L waves

c.       both S and L waves

d.      only S waves

e.       only P waves

 

ANSWER: a

12.  Which types of earthquake waves do the most damage?

a.       compressional waves

b.      shear waves

c.       body waves

d.      P waves

e.       surface waves

 

ANSWER: e

 

13.  Which earthquake waves arrive first?

a.       P waves

b.      S waves

c.       L waves

d.      shear waves

e.       surface waves

ANSWER: a

 

14.  Which earthquake waves arrive from the source last?

a.       P waves

b.      S waves

c.       surface waves

d.      shear waves

e.       body waves

 

ANSWER: c

15.  Why are surface waves the most destructive type of earthquake waves to buildings?

a.       They are compressional waves.

b.      They are shear waves.

c.       They first compress the material and then pull it apart.

d.      They move with the highest velocities.

e.       They have larger amplitudes of shaking.

 

ANSWER: e

16.  Which waves have the lowest frequencies?

a.       P waves

b.      S waves

c.       surface waves

d.      compressional waves

e.       shear waves

 

ANSWER: c

 

17.  How much more energy is released in a magnitude 7 earthquake than in a magnitude 6 earthquake?

a.       about double

b.      about 3 times

c.       about 10 times

d.      about 32 times

e.       about 100 times

 

ANSWER: d

 

18.  Moment magnitude depends on what main factor(s)?

a.       total offset distance on the fault during the earthquake

b.      total length of the fault ruptured

c.       shear strength of the rocks displaced, total surface area of rocks ruptured, and average slip distance on the fault

d.      frequency of movement of the earthquake waves and the total time of shaking

e.       amplitude of seismograph swing at the first moment of arrival of shaking

 

ANSWER: c

 

 

19.  Between magnitude 7 and magnitude 8 earthquakes, about how much harder is the shaking (how much increase in the acceleration of the ground)?

a.       actually less acceleration because the frequency is lower

b.      not much

c.       twice as hard

d.      about 10 times

e.       about 32 times

 

ANSWER: b

20.  If you find a well-exposed fault that moved before seismographs were available, you can infer the approximate magnitude of earthquake by measuring the:

a.       largest size tree snapped off by the shaking.

b.      average size of the largest rocks moved in the earthquake.

c.       strength of the rocks that the earthquake managed to break.

d.      total area affected by the tsunami wave produced by the event.

e.       total length of fault break during the event.

 

ANSWER: e

 

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1.    Where a tall building is right next to a short building, why is the tall building often damaged? Why does the damage occur and where in the building?

ANSWER: Tall buildings sway more slowly than short buildings, so the buildings bang into one another. The tall building breaks at the top of the short building.

2.    Name the three main types of earthquake waves.

ANSWER: Primary (P), secondary (S), and surface waves.

3.      What is the approximate P-wave velocity through the Earth? Indicate whether your answer refers to the Earth’s crust or mantle.

ANSWER: 5-6 km/sec in continental crust; 8 km/sec in mantle.

4.      Which type or types of earthquake waves arrive at a distant seismograph most quickly by traveling through the mantle of the Earth?

ANSWER: P and S waves.

5.      Why are surface waves the most destructive type of earthquake waves (two different reasons)?

ANSWER: Larger amplitude of shaking (greatest ground motion). Closer to surface of earth and thus closer to buildings.

6.      How much more energy is released in a magnitude 7 earthquake than in a magnitude 6 earthquake?

ANSWER: About 32 times.

7.      In addition to the amount of damage, increases in what factors go along with an increase in earthquake magnitude? List several.

ANSWER: Fault offset; length of fault ruptured; acceleration of the ground; time of shaking; velocity of motion of the ground.

8.    What hazard does liquefaction pose, and for who or what?

ANSWER: Differential settling of the ground can collapse or topple buildings on people.

9.    Sometimes a single floor of a tall building (above ground floor) collapses in an earthquake even though the floors have identical construction. Why?

ANSWER: The frequency of shaking of the ground matches the frequency of shaking of the building.

10.  What is meant by a blind thrust? Provide an example of an earthquake along a blind thrust.

ANSWER: A blind thrust is a low angle reverse fault that does not rupture the Earth’s surface during an earthquake. The 1994 Northridge, California earthquake occurred due to displacement on a blind thrust.

 

CRITICAL THINKING ESSAY QUESTIONS

1.    Explain the ways in which devastation from an earthquake could be minimized in a community.

ANSWER: Earthquake devastation could be minimized beforehand by better building methods and by having an effective and efficient emergency response plan for communities that are likely to experience earthquakes.

2.    Which type of plate boundary has the potential to cause the most destructive earthquakes??

ANSWER: The largest earthquakes recorded have occurred at subduction zones.

3.    Where do earthquakes typically occur? Explain why they occur where they do. Which coast of North America has highly damaging earthquakes that are less frequent?

ANSWER: Earthquakes typically occur at plate boundaries, and they occur as a result of the gradual buildup of strain due to convection currents in the asthenosphere moving tectonic plates in different directions. The west coast of North America, especially Alaska, has highly damaging earthquakes that are less frequent. The Pacific Northwest also receives highly damaging earthquakes as a result of the Juan de Fuca plate subducting under the North American plate.

4.    Discuss the types of earthquake waves and the potential damage each individual one can cause.

ANSWER: P waves hit first; they are the least damaging and manifest themselves as compressional waves. S waves, or shear waves, hit next; they are moderately damaging and are waves where a back-and-forth motion is detected perpendicular to the land surface.  Surface waves are the most damaging, and they hit last. They are the boundary between two media with different physical properties, and they are responsible for most damage in earthquakes.

5.    Discuss the effects of liquefaction, landsliding, and clay flake collapse on society.

ANSWER: Liquefaction causes a land surface to behave as a liquid, and buildings sink into the mud. Landsliding causes buildings to move downslope. Clay flake collapse causes erosion that undermines the stability of buildings. All three types of movement are capable of causing massive damage to buildings, which are built on top of this substrate, and present serious engineering challenges to society.

 

 

Chapter 4

EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION AND MITIGATION

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1.    What is a seismic gap?

1.    a part of an active fault that has not had recent earthquakes

2.    a long time between earthquakes on a fault

3.    a pronounced crevice along a fault

4.    a gaping crack created by fault movement

5.    an earthquake that causes no vibration of the ground

 

ANSWER: a

 

2.   Where in the United States and Canada are strong earthquakes most frequent?

a.       in the Rocky Mountains

b.      just off the coast of Oregon, Washington, and southwestern Canada

c.       along the western fringe of California (onshore)

1.    in northern Michigan

2.    along the southern half of the east coast of United States

      ANSWER: c

 

3.   Which of the following states has the lowest seismic risk?

21.  Arkansas

22.  Minnesota

23.  Missouri

24.  Illinois

25.  South Carolina

 

ANSWER: b

4.   Why does the North Anatolian Fault of Turkey kill many more people than the San Andreas Fault?

1.    People in Turkey are not as familiar with earthquakes.

2.    Earthquakes along that fault are much stronger than those in California.

3.    Most of the buildings near that fault are on artificial fill.

d.      There is poor quality of construction in Turkey.

1.    There are no building codes in Turkey.

ANSWER: d

 

 

5.   Which of the following statements about the 1994 Northridge earthquake in the Los Angeles area is NOT true?

1.    The earthquake severed gas lines and caused fires.

2.    Its Richter Magnitude of 6.7 is considered moderate.

3.    Highway interchanges that collapsed in 1971 withstood the shaking.

4.    It was a blind thrust fault tens of miles from the San Andreas Fault.

5.    Unbraced ground-floor garages of apartment buildings collapsed.

 

ANSWER: c

 

6.   Which of the following have NOT been used to suggest that an earthquake may be coming?

1.    microearthquakes

2.    changes in groundwater level

3.    increase in radon in water

4.    changes in tide heights

5.    strange animal behavior

 

ANSWER: d

7.   Which of the following statements is NOT true?

a.       Shattering glass is one of the most common causes of injuries in earthquakes.

b.      During the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, broken glass rained down on the street in downtown San Francisco.

c.       Safety glass is required in all windows of newly constructed commercial buildings.

d.      Glass systems in modern high-rise buildings are designed to accommodate routine sway.

1.    Safety glass in some commercial building is similar to that used in cars.

 

ANSWER: c

 

8.    The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake occurred on which Californian fault?

9.    San Andreas Fault

10.  Hayward Fault

11.  Calavares Fault

12.  Loma Prieta Fault

13.  San Jacinto Fault

 

ANSWER: a

 

9.    Which of the following statements about seismicity in Los Angeles and the Transverse Ranges is NOT true?

10.  The number of observed moderate earthquakes is less than expected based on the overall slip rate.

11.  Sections of the San Andreas Fault in this region have seismic gaps.

12.  The average interval between large earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault is 160 years.

13.  There are several earthquake generating faults in the region.

14.  Moderate earthquakes in this area have an average recurrence interval of 15 years.

 

ANSWER: e

 

10.  The best-known successful prediction of a major earthquake was where and when?

11.  Fargo, North Dakota, in 1957

12.  Haicheng, China, in 1975

13.  Los Angeles in 1994

14.  Hokkaido, Japan, in 1998

15.  Banda Aceh, Sumatra, in 2004

 

ANSWER: b

 

11.  For very long faults such as those in westernmost North America, what historic information can be, and has been, used to infer where the next large earthquake may be?

12.  the part of the fault with the most frequent earthquakes

13.  the part of the fault that creeps slowly and may be building to a sudden break

14.  the part of the fault where there is a seismic gap

15.  the part of the fault with the largest earthquake in the past

16.  the part of the fault closest to the largest population

 

ANSWER: c