Natural Disasters 10Th Edition Patrick Leon Abbott -Test Bank

 

To Purchase this Complete Test Bank with Answers Click the link Below

 

https://tbzuiqe.com/product/natural-disasters-10th-edition-patrick-leon-abbott-test-bank/

 

If face any problem or Further information contact us At tbzuiqe@gmail.com

 

 

Sample Test

Chapter 03 Test Bank: Earthquake Geology and Seismology KEY

 

 

True / False Questions

 

 

1.   To describe the location in three-dimensional space of a deformed rock layer or a fault surface, geologists make measurements known as dip and strike.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Types of Faults

Topic: Types of Faults

 

2.   The point where a fault first ruptures underground is known as the epicenter.

 

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Types of Faults

Topic: Types of Faults

 

3.   The biggest shaking event is called “the earthquake,” the smaller ones before it are known as foreshocks, and the smaller ones after it are called aftershocks.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Magnitude of Earthquakes

                                                                                                                                                                                         Topic: Magnitude of Earthquakes

 

4.   Transform faults usually link spreading centers or connect spreading centers with subduction zones.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Types of Faults

Topic: Types of Faults

 

5.   Aftershocks are smaller than the main shock in an earthquake sequence.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Types of Faults

Topic: Types of Faults

 

6.   Transform faults have mostly vertical displacement rather than horizontal displacement.

 

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Types of Faults

Topic: Types of Faults

 

7.   Normal faulting occurs when the hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall.

 

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Types of Faults

Topic: Types of Faults

 

8.   The velocity of an S wave depends on the density and resistance to shearing of materials.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Seismic Waves

Topic: Seismic Waves

 

9.   With their up-and-down and side-to-side motions, S waves shake the ground surface and can do severe damage to buildings.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Faults and Geologic Mapping

Topic: Types of Faults

 

10.                Large earthquakes do not generate body waves energetic enough to be recorded on seismographs all around the world.

 

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Seismic Waves

Topic: Seismic Waves

 

11.                P and S waves do not follow simple paths as they pass through Earth; they speed up, slow down, and change direction, and S waves even disappear when they reach Earth’s core.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Seismic Waves

Topic: Seismic Waves

 

12.                Earth’s interior is homogeneous.

 

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Seismic Waves

Topic: Seismic Waves

 

13.                Following the paths of P and S waves from Earth’s surface inward, there is an initial increase in wave speed but then a marked slowing occurs at a depth of about 100 meters; this defines the top of the lithosphere.

 

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Seismic Waves

Topic: Seismic Waves

 

14.                Passing through the mantle below the asthenosphere, the seismic wave velocities vary but generally increase until about 2,900-km depth where P waves slow markedly and S waves disappear at the core-mantle boundary zone.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Seismic Waves

Topic: Seismic Waves

 

15.                Moving into the core, P wave velocities gradually increase until a positive jump is reached at about a 5,150-km depth, suggesting that the inner core is solid.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Seismic Waves

Topic: Seismic Waves

 

16.                Both Love and Rayleigh waves are referred to as L waves (long waves) because they take longer periods of time to complete one cycle of motion and are slower moving relative to P and S waves.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Seismic Waves

Topic: Seismic Waves

 

17.                The shaking produced by Rayleigh waves causes both vertical and horizontal movement.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Seismic Waves

Topic: Seismic Waves

 

18.                The shallower the hypocenter, the more P and S wave energy will hit the surface.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Seismic Waves

Topic: Seismic Waves

 

19.                A building’s period of swaying is determined, in part, by the material used to build it.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Periods of Buildings and Responses of Foundations

Topic: Periods of Buildings and Responses of Foundations

 

20.                In igneous rocks such as granite, S waves travel about 1.7 times faster than P waves.

 

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Seismic Waves

Topic: Seismic Waves

 

21.                The high-frequency seismic waves are most energetic for short distances close to the epicenter, whereas low-frequency seismic waves carry significant amounts of energy for much greater distances away from the epicenter.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Magnitude of Earthquakes

Topic: Magnitude of Earthquakes

 

22.                For magnitudes above about 6, the bigger earthquake magnitude means that more people in a larger area and for a longer time will experience the intense shaking.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Magnitude of Earthquakes

Topic: Magnitude of Earthquakes

 

23.                Each year, Earth is shaken by millions of earthquakes.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Magnitude of Earthquakes

Topic: Magnitude of Earthquakes

 

24.                Typically fewer than 20 major and great earthquakes (magnitudes of 7 and higher) each year account for more than 90 percent of the energy released by earthquakes.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Magnitude of Earthquakes

Topic: Magnitude of Earthquakes

 

25.                The Richter scale assesses the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the 1964 Alaska earthquake as both being of magnitude 8.3. However, on the moment magnitude scale, the San Francisco earthquake is probably equivalent to a Richter magnitude 7.8 and the Alaska seism is equivalent to a 9.2. The Alaska earthquake was at least 100 times bigger.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Magnitude of Earthquakes

Topic: Magnitude of Earthquakes

 

26.                The moment magnitude is more accurate than the classical Richter scale because it is tied directly to physical parameters such as fault-rupture area, fault slip, and energy release, and because other earthquake scales use indirect measures such as how much a seismograph needle moves.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Magnitude of Earthquakes

Topic: Magnitude of Earthquakes

 

27.                The largest moment magnitudes measured to date are from earthquakes that occurred in subduction zones.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Magnitude of Earthquakes

Topic: Magnitude of Earthquakes

 

28.                The acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 meters per second squared (32 feet per second squared), which is referred to as 1.0 g and is used as a comparative unit of measure. Earthquake accelerations have never been measured in excess of 1.0 g.

 

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Ground Motion During Earthquakes

Topic: Ground Motion During Earthquakes

 

29.                Earthquake intensity scales such as the Modified Mercalli scale assess the effects on people and buildings.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Earthquake Intensity—What We Feel During an Earthquake

Topic: Earthquake Intensity—What We Feel During an Earthquake

 

30.                The relation between distance and damage from an earthquake seems obvious: the closer to the hypocenter/epicenter, the greater the damage, but this is not always the case.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Earthquake Intensity—What We Feel During an Earthquake

Topic: Earthquake Intensity—What We Feel During an Earthquake

 

31.                The types of rock or sediment on which a structure’s foundation sits are of paramount importance with respect to whether the structure will be damaged by shaking from an earthquake.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Earthquake Intensity—What We Feel During an Earthquake

Topic: Earthquake Intensity—What We Feel During an Earthquake

 

32.                High-frequency P and S waves will have their vibrations amplified by 1) rigid construction materials, such as brick or stone, and 2) short buildings.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Earthquake Intensity—What We Feel During an Earthquake

Topic: Earthquake Intensity—What We Feel During an Earthquake

 

33.                Low-frequency surface waves will be amplified in tall buildings with low frequencies of vibration.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Earthquake Intensity—What We Feel During an Earthquake

Topic: Earthquake Intensity—What We Feel During an Earthquake

 

34.                The duration of the shaking is not a significant factor in damages suffered and lives lost.

 

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Earthquake Intensity—What We Feel During an Earthquake

Topic: Earthquake Intensity—What We Feel During an Earthquake

 

35.                The time of day an earthquake strikes is not a critical factor affecting loss of life from the event.

 

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: A Case History of Mercalli Variables

Topic: A Case History of Mercalli Variables

 

36.                Some major faults acting for millions of years have offset rock layers horizontally by hundreds of kilometers.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Types of Faults

Topic: Types of Faults

 

37.                Different estimates of earthquake magnitude are derived from different methods based on local shaking (Richter scale), body waves (mb), surface waves (MS), or seismic moment (MW).

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Magnitude of Earthquakes

Topic: Magnitude of Earthquakes

 

38.                Where the frequencies of seismic waves match the natural vibration frequencies of local geology and buildings, destruction may be great.

 

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Periods of Buildings and Responses of Foundations

Topic: Periods of Buildings and Responses of Foundations

 

39.                Earthquake magnitude scales such as the Richter scale assess the effects on people and buildings.

 

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Magnitude of Earthquakes

Topic: Magnitude of Earthquakes

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

 

40.                Earthquakes are most commonly caused by ______________.

 

1.   explosions of nuclear bombs

2.   undersea landslides

3.   meteorite impacts

4.   volcanic activity

5.   sudden earth movements along faults

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Understanding Earthquakes

Topic: Understanding Earthquakes

 

41.                The Lisbon earthquakes of 1755 are historically significant because ______________.

 

1.   it was the first time anyone had ever successfully predicted an earthquake

2.   the reconstruction efforts after the earthquakes stimulated the Portuguese economy, leading to a century of prosperity for the country

3.   they changed the prevailing philosophies of the era, producing a more pessimistic view of the world

4.   they resulted in more deaths than any other earthquake, before or after

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Understanding Earthquakes

Topic: Understanding Earthquakes

 

42.                Despite the profound effects that earthquakes have had on civilizations for so many centuries, systematic scientific observations were not made until the early _________ century, when good descriptions were made of earthquake effects on the land.

 

1.   thirteenth

2.   seventeenth

3.   eighteenth

4.   nineteenth

5.   twentieth

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Understanding Earthquakes

Topic: Understanding Earthquakes

 

43.                The law of __________ explains that sediments (such as sand, gravel, and mud) are originally deposited or settled out of water in horizontal layers.

 

1.   original continuity

2.   superposition

3.   original horizontality

4.   cosines

5.   gradation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Understanding Earthquakes

Topic: Understanding Earthquakes

 

44.                In the law of ____________, Steno stated that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rock layer, each sedimentary rock layer is younger than the bed beneath it, but older than the bed above it.

 

1.   original continuity

2.   superposition

3.   original horizontality

4.   cosines

5.   ages

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Understanding Earthquakes

Topic: Understanding Earthquakes

 

45.                Steno’s law of __________ states that sediment layers are continuous, ending only by butting up against a topographic high, such as a hill or a cliff, by pinching out due to lack of sediment, or by gradational change from one sediment type to another.

46.                original continuity

47.                superposition

48.                original horizontality

49.                cosines

50.                edges

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Understanding Earthquakes

Topic: Understanding Earthquakes

 

46.                The __________ is measured in cross-sectional view as the angle of inclination from horizontal of a tilted rock layer, and _______ is viewed in map view as the compass bearing of the rock layer where it intersects a horizontal plane.

 

1.   strike; strike

2.   dip; dip

3.   strike; dip

4.   dip; strike

5.   strike and dip; strike and dip

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Types of Faults

Topic: Types of Faults

 

47.                Faults on which the dominant forces are extensional are recognized by the separation of the pulled-apart rock layers

in a zone of omission; these are __________.

 

1.   reverse faults

2.   thrust faults

3.   transform faults

4.   strike-slip faults

5.   normal faults

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Types of Faults

Topic: Types of Faults

 

48.                A normal fault occurs when the hanging wall moves ________ relative to the footwall.

 

1.   up

2.   down

3.   to the left

4.   to the right

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Types of Faults

Topic: Types of Faults

 

49.                With compressional forces, the hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall; this type of fault is referred to as a __________ fault.

 

1.   reverse

2.   subnormal

3.   transform

4.   strike-slip

5.   normal

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Types of Faults

Topic: Types of Faults

 

50.                ________ faults are commonly found at areas of plate convergence where subduction or continental collision occurs.

 

1.   Reverse

2.   Normal

3.   Transform

4.   Strike-slip

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Types of Faults

Topic: Types of Faults

 

51.                When most of the movement along a fault is horizontal, the fault is referred to as a __________ fault.

 

1.   reverse

2.   thrust

3.   normal

4.   strike-slip

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Types of Faults

Topic: Types of Faults

 

52.                The strike-slip San Andreas Fault in California is a _______ fault more than 1,300 km long.

 

1.   right-lateral

2.   left-lateral

3.   thrust

4.   normal

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Types of Faults

Topic: Types of Faults

 

53.                The point on Earth’s surface directly above the point where the fault first ruptures is called the ____________.

 

1.   epicenter

2.   hypocenter

3.   depocenter

4.   ethnocenter

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Types of Faults

Topic: Types of Faults

 

54.                Can the same fault be classified as both a strike-slip and a transform fault?

 

1.   Yes

2.   No

3.   Only if it is also a reverse fault

4.   Only if it is also a normal fault

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Types of Faults

Topic: Types of Faults

 

55.                First-order analysis of a seismogram record allows seismologists to do all but which of the following?

 

1.   to identify the different kinds of seismic waves generated by the fault movement

2.   to estimate the amount of energy released (magnitude)

3.   to locate the epicenter and hypocenter

4.   to develop a Modified Mercalli Intensity map

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Development of Seismology

Topic: Development of Seismology

 

56.                The _____ wave travels fastest and moves in a push-pull fashion of alternating pulses of compression (push) and extension (pull).

 

1.   Love

2.   Rayleigh

3.   P

4.   S

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Seismic Waves

Topic: Seismic Waves

 

57.                P waves can travel through ________________.

 

1.   gases

2.   liquids

3.   solids

4.   a vacuum

5.   gases, liquids, and solids

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Seismic Waves

Topic: Seismic Waves

 

58.                Velocities for __________ waves in granite are about 5.5 to 6 km/sec, but in water they slow to 1.4 km/sec.

 

1.   Love

2.   Rayleigh

3.   P

4.   S

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Seismic Waves

Topic: Seismic Waves

 

59.                Which of the following wave types travels slowest through rock?

 

1.   P waves

2.   S waves

3.   Surface waves

4.   Body waves

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Seismic Waves

Topic: Seismic Waves

 

60.                _________ waves are transverse waves that propagate by shearing or shaking particles in their path at right angles to the direction of advance.

 

1.   Love

2.   Rayleigh

3.   P

4.   S

5.   Love and S

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Seismic Waves

Topic: Seismic Waves

 

61.                __________ waves travel only through solids; on reaching liquid or gas, the wave energy is reflected back into rock

or is converted to another form.

 

1.   S

2.   P

3.   Rossby

4.   Q

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Seismic Waves

Topic: Seismic Waves

 

62.                The frequency of a wave is __________________.

 

1.   the amount of displacement of the medium through which the wave is passing

2.   the number of waves passing a given point per unit time

3.   the time between successive waves

4.   the energy of the wave

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: 1. Remember

Chapter: 03

Gradable: automatic

Section: Development of Seismology

Topic: Development of Seismology