Microbiology Fundamentals A Clinical Approach 2nd Edition by Marjorie Kelly Cowan

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Sample Test

Chapter 03

Prokaryotic Profiles: The Bacteria and Archaea

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a prokaryote?
A. Its DNA is not encased in a membrane.
B. It has a cell wall made of peptidoglycans or other distinct chemicals.
C. It does not have membrane-bound organelles.
D. Its DNA is wrapped around histones.
E. All of these are characteristics of prokaryotes.

ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.01 Name the structures all bacteria possess.
Section: 03.01
Topic: Prokaryotes

2. The two functions of bacterial appendages are
A. attachment and protection.
B. attachment and motility.
C. motility and slime production.
D. energy reactions and synthesis.
E. protection and motility.

ASM Objective: 02.02 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g. flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical capabilities.
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.04 Describe the structure and function of four different types of bacterial appendages.
Section: 03.02
Topic: Prokaryotes

3. Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages except
A. flagella.
B. cilia.
C. fimbriae.
D. periplasmic flagella (axial filaments).
E. sex pili.

4. Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called
A. flagella.
B. cilia.
C. fimbriae.
D. periplasmic flagella (axial filaments).
E. sex pili.

5. The basal body of a flagellum is anchored into the
A. hook.
B. outer membrane.
C. cell wall.
D. peptidoglycan layer.
E. cell membrane.

6. The term that refers to the presence of flagella all over the cell surface is
A. amphitrichous.
B. atrichous.
C. lophotrichous.
D. monotrichous.
E. peritrichous.

7. The term that refers to the presence of a tuft of flagella emerging from the same site is
A. amphitrichous.
B. atrichous.
C. lophotrichous.
D. monotrichous.
E. peritrichous.

8. The term that refers to flagella at both poles is
A. amphitrichous.
B. atrichous.
C. lophotrichous.
D. monotrichous.
E. peritrichous.

9. Chemotaxis refers to the ability to
A. move in response to light.
B. move in response to a chemical.
C. not move in response to a chemical.
D. transport desired molecules into cell.
E. None of the choices is correct.

ASM Objective: 02.02 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g. flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical capabilities.
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.05 Explain how a flagellum works in the presence of an attractant.
Section: 03.02
Topic: Prokaryotes

10. A bacterial cell exhibiting chemotaxis probably has
A. fimbriae.
B. a capsule.
C. thylakoids.
D. flagella.
E. metachromatic granules.

ASM Objective: 02.02 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g. flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical capabilities.
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.05 Explain how a flagellum works in the presence of an attractant.
Section: 03.02
Topic: Prokaryotes

11. The prokaryotic flagellum has three parts in the order from cytoplasm to external environment:
A. filament, hook, basal body
B. filament, basal body, hook
C. basal body, hook, filament
D. hook, basal body, filament
E. basal body, filament, hook

12. Movement of a cell toward a chemical stimulus is termed
A. phototaxis.
B. taxis.
C. chemotaxis.
D. tumble.
E. None of the choices is correct.

ASM Objective: 02.02 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g. flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical capabilities.
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.05 Explain how a flagellum works in the presence of an attractant.
Section: 03.02
Topic: Prokaryotes

13. The short, numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called
A. flagella.
B. cilia.
C. fimbriae.
D. periplasmic flagella (axial filaments).
E. sex pili.

14. The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called
A. flagella.
B. cilia.
C. fimbriae.
D. periplasmic flagella (axial filaments).
E. sex pili.

15. Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized?
A. slime layer
B. fimbriae
C. cell membrane
D. capsule
E. All of the choices are correct.

16. The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the cell’s
A. ribosomes.
B. inclusions.
C. cell wall.
D. cell membrane.
E. flagella.

ASM Objective: 02.01 Bacteria have unique cell structures that can be targets for antibiotics, immunity and phage infection.
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.06 Differentiate between the two main types of bacterial envelope structure.
Section: 03.03
Topic: Prokaryotes

17. Which order below reflects the correct procedure for Gram staining?
A. alcohol/acetone-crystal violet-safranin-iodine
B. crystal violet-alcohol/acetone-iodine-safranin
C. crystal violet-iodine-alcohol/acetone-safranin
D. iodine-safranin-crystal violet-alcohol/acetone
E. alcohol/acetone-safranin-crystal violet-iodine

ASM Objective: 08.01 Properly prepare and view specimens for examination using microscopy (bright field and, if possible, phase contrast).
ASM Topic: Module 08 Microbiology Skills
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.06 Differentiate between the two main types of bacterial envelope structure.
Section: 03.03
Topic: Prokaryotes

18. The cell _____ can be composed of three layers: the membrane, the cell wall, and the outer membrane.
A. glycocalyx
B. envelope
C. pathogenic package
D. slime coat
E. None of the choices is correct.

19. During the Gram stain, gram-_____ cells decolorize when the alcohol is applied.
A. positive
B. negative
C. both positive and negative
D. neither positive nor negative

20. If bacteria living in salty seawater were displaced to a freshwater environment, the cell structure that would prevent the cells from rupturing is the
A. endospore.
B. cell wall.
C. cell membrane.
D. capsule.
E. slime layer.

ASM Objective: 02.02 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g. flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical capabilities.
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 02. Understand
Learning Objective: 03.06 Differentiate between the two main types of bacterial envelope structure.
Section: 03.03
Topic: Prokaryotes

21. Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial
A. cell walls.
B. cell membranes.
C. capsules.
D. slime layers.
E. inclusions.

22. A prokaryotic cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is
A. gram-negative.
B. gram-positive.
C. archaea.
D. spheroplast.
E. acid fast.

23. A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is
A. Mycobacterium.
B.  Mycoplasma.
C.  Streptococcus.
D.  Corynebacterium.
E.  Salmonella.

24. The difference in cell wall structure of Mycobacterium and Nocardia compared to the typical gram-positive bacterial cell wall structure is
A. more peptidoglycan.
B. predominance of unique, waxy lipids.
C. easily decolorized.
D. presence of lipopolysaccharide.
E. All of the choices are correct.

25. The _____ stain is used to stain and differentiate Mycobacterium and Nocardia from other bacteria.
A. acid fast
B. methylene blue
C. Gram
D. negative
E. basic

26. The enzyme _____, that is found in tears and saliva, can hydrolyze the bonds in the glycan chains of certain bacterial cell walls.
A. penicillinase
B. lysozyme
C. peptidase
D. All of the choices are correct.
E. None of the choices is correct.

27. Lysozyme is most effective against
A. gram-negative organisms.
B. gram-positive organisms.
C. mycoplasmas.
D. cyanobacteria.
E. archea.

28. The fragile cell produced when gram-positive bacteria are exposed to lysozyme or penicillin is a/an
A. protoplast.
B. mycoplasma.
C. spheroplast.
D. glycocalyx.
E. glycan.

29. All of the following structures contribute to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease except the
A. inclusions.
B. fimbriae.
C. capsule.
D. slime layer.
E. outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.

ASM Objective: 02.02 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g. flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical capabilities.
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 02. Understand
Learning Objective: 03.01 Name the structures all bacteria possess.
Learning Objective: 03.02 Name three structures some, but not all, bacteria possess.
Section: 03.02
Section: 03.03
Section: 03.04
Topic: Prokaryotes

30. Which of the following does not pertain to endotoxins?
A. are specific bacterial cell wall lipids
B. can stimulate fever in the human body
C. can cause septic shock in the human body
D. involved in typhoid fever and some meningitis cases
E. found in acid fast bacterial cell walls

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, interact with both human and non-human hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.08 Name a substance in the envelope structure of some bacteria that can cause severe symptoms in humans.
Section: 03.03
Topic: Pathogenesis
Topic: Prokaryotes

31. The site/s for most ATP synthesis in prokaryotic cells is/are the
A. ribosomes.
B. mitochondria.
C. cell wall.
D. inclusions.
E. cell membrane.

ASM Objective: 03.03 The survival and growth of any microorganism in a given environment depends on its metabolic characteristics.
ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.06 Differentiate between the two main types of bacterial envelope structure.
Section: 03.03
Section: 03.04
Topic: Prokaryotes

32. Gram-negative organisms
A. are more susceptible to antibiotics that target peptidoglycan than gram-positive organisms.
B. are less susceptible to antibiotics that target peptidoglycan than gram-positive organisms.
C. stain purple in the Gram stain.
D. encompass all pathogens.
E. None of the choices is correct.

33. Which of the following is not true of the outer membrane?
A. The upper most layer is made of lipopolysaccharides.
B. The inner most layer is a phospholipid bilayer.
C. The porin proteins create channels through the outer membrane.
D. Gram-positive bacteria have an outer membrane.
E. The lipid portion of the lipopolysaccharide layer is an endotoxin.

34. All bacterial cells have
A. one or more chromosomes.
B. one or more fimbriae.
C. the ability to produce endospores.
D. capsules.
E. flagella.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.01 Name the structures all bacteria possess.
Section: 03.01
Topic: Prokaryotes

35. The most immediate result of destruction of a cell’s ribosomes would be
A. material would not be able to cross the cell membrane.
B. protein synthesis would stop.
C. destruction of the cell’s DNA.
D. formation of glycogen inclusions.
E. loss of capsule.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.09 Identify five things that might be contained in a bacterial cytoplasm.
Section: 03.04
Topic: Prokaryotes

36. The bacterial chromosome
A. is located in the cell membrane.
B. contains all the cell’s plasmids.
C. is part of the nucleoid.
D. forms a single linear strand of DNA.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.09 Identify five things that might be contained in a bacterial cytoplasm.
Section: 03.04
Topic: Prokaryotes

37. Which of the following is mismatched?
A. ribosomes – protein synthesis
B. inclusions – excess cell nutrients and materials
C. plasmids – genes essential for growth and metabolism
D. nucleoid – hereditary material
E. cytoplasm – dense, gelatinous solution

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.09 Identify five things that might be contained in a bacterial cytoplasm.
Section: 03.04
Topic: Prokaryotes

38. Plasmids
A. are found in all bacteria.
B. are essential for survival.
C. cannot be passed between organisms.
D. cannot be passed on to progeny.
E. are often the site of pathogenic genes.

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g. in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance).
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.09 Identify five things that might be contained in a bacterial cytoplasm.
Section: 03.04
Topic: Prokaryotes

39. The chemical components of ribosomes are proteins and
A. mRNA.
B. tRNA.
C. rRNA.
D. All of the choices are correct.
E. None of the choices is correct.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.09 Identify five things that might be contained in a bacterial cytoplasm.
Section: 03.04
Topic: Prokaryotes

40. The function of bacterial endospores is
A. to convert gaseous nitrogen to a usable form for plants.
B. reproduction and growth.
C. protection of genetic material during harsh conditions.
D. storage of excess cell materials.
E. to act as sites for photosynthesis.

ASM Objective: 02.02 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g. flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical capabilities.
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.10 Detail the causes and mechanisms of sporogenesis and germination.
Section: 03.04
Topic: Prokaryotes

41. Chemical analysis of a bacterial cell structure detects calcium dipicolinic acid. What is the identity of this structure?
A. cell wall
B. capsule
C. slime layer
D. nucleoid
E. endospore

ASM Objective: 02.02 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g. flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical capabilities.
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.10 Detail the causes and mechanisms of sporogenesis and germination.
Section: 03.04
Topic: Prokaryotes

42. Endospores are
A. metabolically inactive.
B. resistant to heat and chemical destruction.
C. resistant to destruction by radiation.
D. living structures.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 02.02 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g. flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical capabilities.
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.09 Identify five things that might be contained in a bacterial cytoplasm.
Learning Objective: 03.10 Detail the causes and mechanisms of sporogenesis and germination.
Section: 03.04
Topic: Prokaryotes

43. Bacterial endospores are not produced by
A. Staphylococcus.
B.  Sporosarcina.
C.  Bacillus.
D.  Clostridium.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 02.02 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g. flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical capabilities.
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.09 Identify five things that might be contained in a bacterial cytoplasm.
Learning Objective: 03.10 Detail the causes and mechanisms of sporogenesis and germination.
Section: 03.04
Topic: Prokaryotes

44. Which term is not used to describe bacterial cell shapes?
A. coccus
B. tetrad
C. vibrio
D. rod
E. spirochete

ASM Objective: 02.04 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron).
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Bloom’s Level: 02. Understand
Learning Objective: 03.03 Describe three major shapes of prokaryotes.
Section: 03.01
Topic: Prokaryotes

45. Cells form a _____ arrangement when cells in a chain snap back upon each other forming a row of cells oriented side by side.
A. tetrad
B. strep
C. staph
D. sarcina
E. palisade

ASM Objective: 02.04 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron).
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.03 Describe three major shapes of prokaryotes.
Section: 03.01
Topic: Prokaryotes

46. An irregular cluster of spherical cells would be called a/an
A. palisades.
B. sarcina.
C. staphylococcus.
D. streptococcus.
E. spirilla.

ASM Objective: 02.04 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron).
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.03 Describe three major shapes of prokaryotes.
Section: 03.01
Topic: Prokaryotes

47. A chain of rod-shaped cells would be called a/an
A. streptobacillus.
B. staphylobacillus.
C. streptococcus.
D. staphylococcus.
E. palisades.

ASM Objective: 02.04 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron).
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.03 Describe three major shapes of prokaryotes.
Section: 03.01
Topic: Prokaryotes

48. _____ Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is a manual of bacterial descriptions and classifications.
A. Pasteur’s
B. Lister’s
C. Bergey’s
D. Leeuwenhoek’s
E. Koch’s

ASM Objective: 01.04 The traditional concept of species is not readily applicable to microbes, due to asexual reproduction and the frequent occurrence of horizontal gene transfer.
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.12 Differentiate between Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.
Section: 03.06
Topic: Prokaryotes

49. Which of the following is not a phenotypic trait of bacteria?
A. rRNA sequencing
B. shape
C. culture behavior
D. biochemical reaction
E. All of these are phenotypic traits.

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees.
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.12 Differentiate between Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.
Section: 03.06
Topic: Prokaryotes

50. Which of the following is mismatched?
A. Gracilicutes – gram-negative cell walls
B. Firmicutes – gram-positive cell walls
C. Tenericutes – waxy acid fast cell walls
D. Mendosicutes – archaea cell walls
E. None of the choices is correct.

ASM Objective: 01.04 The traditional concept of species is not readily applicable to microbes, due to asexual reproduction and the frequent occurrence of horizontal gene transfer.
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.13 Name four divisions ending in -cutes and describe their characteristics.
Section: 03.06
Topic: Prokaryotes

51. Which of the following is not a division of Kingdom Prokaryote according to Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology?
A. Gracilicutes
B. Scotobacteria
C. Firmicutes
D. Tenericutes
E. Mendosicutes

52. Which of the following is mismatched?
A. methanogens – convert CO₂ and H₂ gases into methane
B. extreme halophiles – adapted to salty habitats
C. psychrophiles – adapted to very low temperatures
D. hyperthermophiles – adapted to high temperatures
E. thermoplasmas – adapted to frozen environments

ASM Objective: 03.01 Bacteria and Archaea exhibit extensive, and often unique, metabolic diversity (e.g. nitrogen fixation, methane production, anoxygenic photosynthesis).
ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.11 List some differences between archaea and bacteria.
Section: 03.05
Topic: Prokaryotes

53. Two major structures that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces are ___ and ___.
A. pili, ribosomes
B. fimbrae, capsules
C. lipopolysaccharides, techoic acids
D. actin filaments, phospholipid membrane(s)
E. actin filaments, ribosomes

54. A client has a serious case of the flu. A random sample of sputum was taken from the patient coughing up blood. The lab tech said they had isolated a bacterium that did not have any peptidoglycan. You hypothesize that the identity of this microbe could possibly be
A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
B.  Borrelia burghdorferi.
C.  Streptococcus pneumoniae.
D.  Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
E.  Staphylococcus aureus.

ASM Objective: 07.01b Ability to apply the process of science: Analyze and interpret results from a variety of microbiological methods, and apply these methods to analogous situations.
ASM Topic: Module 07 Scientific Thinking
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.06 Differentiate between the two main types of bacterial envelope structure.
Section: 03.03
Topic: Prokaryotes

55. Halobacterium salinarium lives in and requires salt. This is an example of an archaeabacterium described as a/an __.
A. osmophile
B. halophile
C. thermophile
D. psychrophile
E. methanogen

ASM Objective: 05.01 Microorganisms are ubiquitous and live in diverse and dynamic ecosystems.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.11 List some differences between archaea and bacteria.
Section: 03.05
Topic: Prokaryotes

56. Spirochetes are able to move due to
A. a periplasmic flagellum.
B. a membrane bound flagellum.
C. cilia serving as walking feet.
D. pseudopods.
E. fimbriae.

57. Which of the following species of bacteria is not closely related to the others?
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B.  Staphylococcus epidermidis
C.  Staphylococcus saprophyticus
D.  Escherichia coli
E.  Staphylococcus capitis

ASM Objective: 01.04 The traditional concept of species is not readily applicable to microbes, due to asexual reproduction and the frequent occurrence of horizontal gene transfer.
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.14 Explain what a bacterial species is.
Section: 03.06
Topic: Prokaryotes

True / False Questions

58. Archaea do not have the typical peptidoglycan structure found in bacterial cell walls.
TRUE

ASM Objective: 01.01 Cells, organelles (e.g. mitochondria and chloroplasts) and all major metabolic pathways evolved from early prokaryotic cells.
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.11 List some differences between archaea and bacteria.
Section: 03.05
Topic: Prokaryotes

59. The first cells on earth were probably archaea.
TRUE

60. Prokaryotes include bacteria and viruses.
FALSE

ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, along with the immense variety of microenvironments, have resulted in a vast diversity of microorganisms.
ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.01 Name the structures all bacteria possess.
Section: 03.01
Topic: Prokaryotes

61. Flagella move in a whip-like motion.
FALSE

ASM Objective: 02.02 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g. flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical capabilities.
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.05 Explain how a flagellum works in the presence of an attractant.
Section: 03.02
Topic: Prokaryotes

62. True pili used for conjugation are only found on gram-negative bacteria.
TRUE

63. The slime layer provides bacteria greater pathogenicity as compared to the capsule.
FALSE

64. If during the Gram stain procedure, the bacterial cells were viewed immediately after crystal violet was applied, gram-positive cells would be purple but gram-negative cells would be colorless.
FALSE

65. Iodine is the decolorizer in the Gram stain.
FALSE

66. The cell envelope of gram-positive bacteria has two layers: a thick cell wall and the cell membrane.
TRUE

67. Gram-negative bacteria do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
FALSE

68. Bacteria in the genus Mycoplasma and bacteria called L-forms lack cell walls.
TRUE

69. The prokaryotic cell membrane is a site for many enzymes and metabolic reactions.
TRUE

70. If you observe rod-shaped, pink cells on a slide that had just been Gram stained, you can assume that their cell walls contain endotoxin.
TRUE

ASM Objective: 07.01b Ability to apply the process of science: Analyze and interpret results from a variety of microbiological methods, and apply these methods to analogous situations.
ASM Topic: Module 07 Scientific Thinking
Bloom’s Level: 02. Understand
Learning Objective: 03.08 Name a substance in the envelope structure of some bacteria that can cause severe symptoms in humans.
Section: 03.03
Topic: Prokaryotes

71. Both gram-positive and gram-negative cells have outer membranes.
TRUE

72. Alcohol-based compounds can weaken the outer membrane.
TRUE

ASM Objective: 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological methods.
ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Bloom’s Level: 03. Apply
Learning Objective: 03.06 Differentiate between the two main types of bacterial envelope structure.
Section: 03.03
Topic: Prokaryotes

73. The cell envelope or its parts can interact with human tissue and cause disease.
TRUE

74. Some bacteria have a cytoskeleton of sterols to help maintain their shape.
TRUE

ASM Objective: 02.01 Bacteria have unique cell structures that can be targets for antibiotics, immunity and phage infection.
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.09 Identify five things that might be contained in a bacterial cytoplasm.
Section: 03.04
Topic: Prokaryotes

75. Endospores of certain bacterial species can enter tissues in the human body, germinate, and cause an infectious disease.
TRUE

ASM Objective: 02.02 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g. flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical capabilities.
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.10 Detail the causes and mechanisms of sporogenesis and germination.
Section: 03.04
Topic: Pathogenesis
Topic: Prokaryotes

76. Boiling water (100°C) can normally destroy endospores.
FALSE

ASM Objective: 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological methods.
ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.09 Identify five things that might be contained in a bacterial cytoplasm.
Learning Objective: 03.10 Detail the causes and mechanisms of sporogenesis and germination.
Section: 03.04
Topic: Control of Microbial Growth
Topic: Prokaryotes

77. The term diplococcus refers to an irregular cluster of spherical bacterial cells.
FALSE

ASM Objective: 02.04 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron).
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 01. Remember
Learning Objective: 03.03 Describe three major shapes of prokaryotes.
Section: 03.01
Topic: Prokaryotes

Multiple Choice Questions

78. Lipopolysaccharide is an important cell wall component of
A. gram-negative bacteria.
B. gram-positive bacteria.
C. acid fast bacteria.
D. mycoplasmas.
E. protoplasts.

NCLEX Prep – Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format.

A three-year-old patient is admitted to the ER after a sudden onset of high fever and chills, a productive cough, and shortness of breath. The parents indicate that the child had been healthy up until a few hours ago. An initial work-up of the child shows an elevated temperature (103^oF), a rapid pulse rate (140 bpm), and a low oxygen saturation level (82%). Supplemental oxygen and acetaminophen are administered immediately, and specimens are obtained from the patient for microbial analysis.

ASM Objective: 02.01 Bacteria have unique cell structures that can be targets for antibiotics, immunity and phage infection.
ASM Objective: 02.02 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g. flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical capabilities.
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom’s Level: 03. Apply
Learning Objective: 03.02 Name three structures some, but not all, bacteria possess.
Learning Objective: 03.03 Describe three major shapes of prokaryotes.
Learning Objective: 03.04 Describe the structure and function of four different types of bacterial appendages.
Section: 03.01
Section: 03.02
Topic: Prokaryotes

79. The specimens are Gram stained and analyzed microscopically. The laboratory technician observes spherical purple-colored cells arranged in short chains. Based upon this evidence, which of the following microbes is most likely the pathogen affecting the patient?
A. Bacillus cereus
B.  Vibrio cholerae
C.  Staphylococcus aureus
D.  Streptococcus pneumoniae

80. Further microscopic analysis of negatively stained specimens reveals a clearing around each of the spherical cells against a dark background. This clearing indicates that the pathogen possesses which structure/s?
A. endospores
B. a capsule
C. a nucleoid
D. pili

81. You head back to the patient’s room to inform the family of the child’s condition. In educating the parents about the pathogen, which of the following statements would you use to correctly describe the medical importance of a bacterial capsule?
A. A capsule is less dense and thick, and bound more loosely to a cell than a slime layer.
B. A capsule allows for the production of dry, wrinkly colonies when encapsulated bacteria are grown on solid agar.
C. A capsule decreases a bacterium’s pathogenicity.
D. A capsule can protect a bacterium from the phagocytic activities of white blood cells, enhancing its ability to cause disease.

NCLEX Prep – Test Bank Question: Please read the clinical scenario, and then answer the questions that follow to become familiar with the traditional NCLEX question format.

As a triage nurse in the ER, you begin the assessment of an elderly patient complaining of bloody diarrhea and severe stomach cramps. You find the patient has a fever of 104^oF as well, and is showing signs of dehydration. IV fluids are administered while further analysis of the patient continues.

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Microbiology Fundamentals A Clinical Approach 2nd Edition by Marjorie Kelly Cowan – Test Bank

Sample Test

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