Methods Doing Social Research 4th Edition by Winston Jackson -Test Bank

 

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 3. Experiments, Quasi-Experiments, and Field Observations

 

 

MC 3-1

 

John Stuart Mill defined the method of difference as:

 

1.    the key element of statistical analysis

2.    the key element in understanding causal relationships

3.    a test for the presence of atmospheric pressure

4.    a tautological statement

 

Answer: B

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 49

 

 

MC 3-2

 

A very early systematic experiment was conducted by:

 

1.    Einstein

2.    Mill

3.    Pascal

4.    Descartes

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Challenging

Page: 61

 

 

MC 3-3

 

Internal validity is a condition which is satisfied by:

 

1.    the results of a study being generalizable to other groups in general

2.    dependent variable changes being caused by the treatment variable

3.    the value of a study to the scientific community as a whole

4.    none of the above

 

Answer: B

Difficulty: Challenging

Page: 50

 

 

 

MC 3-4

 

External validity refers to the extent to which:

 

1.    the findings of a study are a product of the treatment effects

2.    the findings of a study are applicable to further scientific thought—in a sense of partiality

3.    the acceptance of findings by the scientific community

4.    all of the above

5.    none of the above

 

Answer: E

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 50

 

 

MC 3-5

 

Milgram’s study of obedience is of interest due to:

 

1.    its design

2.    its ethical implications

3.    its unanticipated results

4.    all of the above

5.    none of the above

 

Answer: D

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 55

 

 

MC 3-6

 

A treatment variable is one which may:

 

1.    have an effect on the independent variable

2.    have an effect on the dependent variable

3.    serve as a co-dependent variable

4.    serve as a co-independent variable

 

Answer: B

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 56

 

 

 

MC 3-7

 

A confounding variable is one which:

 

1.    has an effect on the independent variable

2.    has an effect on the dependent variable

3.    has an effect on the entire relationship

4.    none of the above

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Easy

Page: 56

 

 

MC 3-8

 

Random variables are those which:

 

1.    are both dependent and independent within the same study

2.    are dependent in one study, but independent in another

3.    vary without control but are taken into account

4.    act as confounding influences

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Easy

Page: 56

 

 

MC 3-9

 

Which of the following factors may confound the results of a pseudo-experimental research design:

 

1.    instrumental decay

2.    testing

3.    statistical regression

4.    all of the above

 

Answer: D

Difficulty: Easy

Page: 58

 

 

 

MC 3-10

 

With respect to exposed/comparison group designs, mortality refers to:

 

1.    subjects who select themselves into a group

2.    selected subjects who die prior to the initiation of the study

3.    subjects who select themselves out of a group

4.    the change of subject’s attitudes over time

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 59

 

 

MC 3-11

 

Which of the following is not a method of ensuring equivalence of the treatment and control group:

 

1.    precision matching

2.    randomization

3.    a and b

4.    pre-testing

 

Answer: D

Difficulty: Easy

Page: 67-68

 

MC 3-12

 

Which of the following is a condition which must be satisfied to demonstrate a causal relationship:

 

1.    treatment variable changes occur prior to changes in the dependent variable

2.    the treatment and dependent variables are associated

3.    only the treatment variable has influenced the dependent variable

4.    all of the above

 

Answer: D

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 65-66

 

MC 3-13

 

Random variables are dealt with by:

 

1.    factoring out missing data

2.    statistically weighting the variables

3.    group assignment by random process

4.    group assignment by individual preference

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 60-64

 

MC 3-14

 

The between-subjects design is an example of:

 

1.    a control group experimental design

2.    a pseudo-experimental design

3.    a statistical research design

4.    all of the above

 

Answer: A

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 60-61

 

 

MC 3-15

 

The within-subject design differs from the between-subjects design in that:

 

1.    it relies more on smaller samples

2.    it relies on larger samples

3.    it exposes the subject to different treatments

4.    it randomly assigns groups of subjects to different treatments

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 67

 

 

 

MC 3-16

 

The key advantage of the within-subject design is:

 

1.    its evidence for the impact of the treatment variable on the dependent one

2.    its evidence for the effect of the dependent variable on the treatment one

3.    its ease of implementation

4.    it is particularly relevant for samples of over 30

 

Answer: A

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 67

 

MC 3-17

 

Baseline stability refers to the:

 

1.    levelling off of the dependent variable

2.    levelling off of the independent variable

3.    state of disequilibrium between the dependent and treatment variables

4.    none of the above

 

Answer: A

Difficulty: Challenging

Page: 64

 

 

MC 3-18

 

Double blind research designs are ones in which:

 

1.    both groups of subjects within the design are not informed of the study details

2.    the treatment group and the researchers are not informed of the study details

3.    all subjects and researchers are unaware of which subjects are under the various study conditions

4.    only the researchers know which subjects are under the various study conditions

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 70

 

 

 

 

 

 

MC 3-19

 

The goal of experimental research is to:

 

1.    measure the effect of the dependent variable on the independent variable

2.    isolate and measure treatment variable effects

3.    explain social patterning

4.    prove that a previously stated hypothesis is correct

 

Answer: B

Difficulty: Challenging

Page: 73

 

 

MC 3-20

 

Given that few experiments are conducted on representative samples, caution should be taken in:

 

1.    comparing percentages of explained variance totals with other studies

2.    comparing treatment variable effects with other studies

3.    extrapolating results to that of the wider population

4.    undertaking multivariate research designs

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Easy

Page: 73

 

 

MC 3-21

 

The rationale of the quasi-experimental design is:

 

1.    the approximation of the experimental design under conditions which experimentation is not possible

2.    to study the parameters of racial discrimination

3.    to study the effect of employer type on employees

4.    to conduct studies on exceptionally large samples

 

Answer: A

Difficulty: Easy

Page: 74

 

 

 

MC 3-22

 

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of experimental and quasi-experimental designs:

 

1.    the impossibility of study disguise

2.    the impossibility of societal generalization

3.    the inability to simultaneously handle a large amount of variables

4.    the inability to clarify causal inference

 

Answer: D

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 74

 

 

MC 3-23

 

The Hawthorne effect refers to:

 

1.    any variability in the dependent variable that is a direct result of variations within the treatment variable

2.    any variability in the independent variable that is a direct result of variations within the treatment variable

3.    any variability in the independent variable that is a direct result of variations within the dependent variable

4.    any variability within the dependent variable that is not the direct result of variations within the treatment variable

 

Answer: D

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 69

 

MC 3-24

 

Within between-subjects research designs, blocking refers to:

 

1.    a design in which subjects have been separated on a variable to be controlled for

2.    a design in which subjects are grouped together on a variable to be controlled for

3.    a refusal by a treatment subject to participate in an experiment

4.    informing only the control or comparison group subjects on the conditions of the study

 

Answer: B

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 85

 

 

 

MC 3-24

 

Proxemics refers to the:

 

1.    norms surrounding personal space

2.    the application of theory to field work

3.    the systematic method of carrying out field experiments

4.    the application of the “emic” or qualitative approach within the social sciences

 

Answer: A

Difficulty: Easy

Page: 94

 

 

MC 3-25

 

A disadvantage of field experiments is their:

 

1.    cost

2.    naturalistic setting

3.    inability to generalize results

4.    lack of control over experimental conditions

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Challenging

Page: 81, 95

 

 

MC 3-26

 

Naturalistic observational studies are those in which:

 

1.    those being observed are criminals

2.    those being observed are unaware of the researcher’s presence

3.    those being observed are aware of the researcher’s

presence

1.    the researcher is making group observations illegally

 

Answer: B

Difficulty: Easy

Page: 81

 

 

 

MC 3-27

 

The major advantage of naturalistic observational studies is that they:

 

1.    are inexpensive

2.    elicit data which are quantifiable

3.    observe “natural” behaviour in the “real” world

4.    produce the most exciting reports

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 81, 95

 

 

MC 3-28

 

Which research design was employed by Andrew Harrell to study child safety in grocery carts?

 

1.    a between-subjects design

2.    a within-subjects design

3.    a quasi-experimental design

4.    a naturalistic observational study

 

Answer: D

Difficulty: easy

Page: 84

 

 

MC 3-29

 

Which of the following is not an example of a field study type:

 

1.    participant observation

2.    field experiment

3.    naturalistic observational study

4.    none of the above

 

Answer: D

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 87- 94

 

 

 

MC 3-30

 

The forte of the experimental design is:

 

1.    unambiguous causal inference

2.    generalizability

3.    inexpensiveness

4.    a short time frame

 

Answer: A

Difficulty: Moderate

Page:  95

 

 

MC 3-31

 

The strength of field experiments lies in the area of:

 

1.    generalizability

2.    validity

3.    inexpensiveness

4.    unambiguous causal inference

 

Answer: B

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 95

 

 

ES 3-1

 

Briefly define or describe what is meant by each of the

following:

 

1.    a) baseline measure

2.    b) between-subjects design

3.    c) confounding variable

4.    d) double blind

5.    e) exposed/comparison group design

6.    f) Hawthorne effect

7.    g) levels of treatment

8.    h) quasi-experimental design

9.    i) statistical regression

10.  naturalistic observational study

 

Answer: ESSAY

 

 

ES 3-2

 

What are the two types of pre-experimental design described in the textbook? Why are these types of designs considered flawed?

 

Answer: ESSAY

 

 

ES 3-3

 

Outline a within-subjects experimental project: be certain to identify all variables and the number of levels that will be employed; indicate how the dependent variable will be measured. Comment on the method by which controls will be achieved on possible contaminants.

 

Answer: ESSAY

 

 

ES 3-4

 

Outline a between-subjects experimental project: be certain to identify all variables and the number of levels that will be employed; indicate how the dependent variable will be measured. How will control over possible sources of contamination be achieved?

 

Answer: ESSAY

 

 

ES 3-5

 

Outline a quasi-experimental project: be certain to identify all variables; indicate how the dependent variable will be measured. How will control over possible sources of contamination be achieved?

 

Answer: ESSAY

 

 

ES 3-5

 

Compare a between-subjects design to a quasi-experimental design. How do these designs differ in terms of: (i) control over contaminants; (ii) internal validity versus external validity.

 

Answer: ESSAY

 

 

 

ES 3-6

 

Develop an idea for a field experiment or quasi-experiment. Outline what the variables would be and how they would be measured and recorded. Develop a linkage to a theory of human behaviour for your project.

 

Answer: ESSAY

 

ES 3-7

 

Develop a naturalistic observational project in which you attempt to do one of the following:  find out who plays video gambling machines, who rents horror movies, or who buys lottery tickets in your home town. For your project indicate:

(a) what hypotheses could be investigated;

(b) who would be observed and under what conditions;

(c) what your tally sheet would look like; and

(d) how you would design two of your final results tables.

 

Answer: ESSAY

 

 

Chapter 4. Survey Designs

 

 

MC 4-1

 

The foundations of the modern survey were established by:

 

1.    Napoleon

2.    Booth

3.    The ancient Egyptians

4.    Burgess

 

Answer: B

Difficulty: Moderate

Page:  99

 

 

MC 4-2

 

Survey research in early 20th century America by Gallop and Roper was concerned with:

 

1.    poverty

2.    religious beliefs

3.    public opinion

4.    worker attitudes

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Challenging

Page: 100

 

 

MC 4-3

 

The survey research of Stouffer and Lazarsfeld was concerned with:

 

1.    political attitudes/behaviour

2.    attitudes concerning war

3.    consumer behaviour

4.    poverty

 

Answer: A

Difficulty: Moderate

Page:  100

 

MC 4-4

 

Surveys are designed to:

 

1.    collect information from respondents

2.    be used only by the government (i.e. the census)

3.    be used only by academics

4.    be conducted via mail only

 

Answer: A

Difficulty: Easy

Page:  101

 

 

MC 4-5

 

Surveys are typically associated with the:

 

1.    critical approach

2.    feminist approach

3.    positivist approach

4.    symbolic interactionist approach

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Moderate

Page:  101

 

 

MC 4-6

 

The most common method of data collection used by survey researchers is:

 

1.    an experimental design

2.    an observational design

3.    a questionnaire

4.    in-depth interviews

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Moderate

Page:  101

 

 

MC 4-7

 

If a researcher is interested in extrapolating results to a large population, she/he will employ a(n):

 

1.    pseudo-experimental design

2.    experimental design

3.    quasi-experimental design

4.    survey design

 

Answer: D

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 101

 

 

MC 4-8

 

Which of the following is not a major problem with survey designs:

 

1.    illiteracy

2.    respondent recall

3.    expense

4.    respondent honesty

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 101-02

 

 

MC 4-9

 

Point-in-time data, a term employed by critics of the survey design, refers to:

 

1.    the claim that surveys are often completed incorrectly

2.    the claim that surveys are incapable of measurement in the future

3.    the claim that surveys are incapable of measurement of the past

4.    the claim that surveys are incapable of measurement over time

 

Answer: D

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 103

 

 

MC 4-10

 

Which of the following is not recommended in survey administration:

 

1.    paying one’s respondents

2.    establishment of legitimacy

3.    quality control spot checks

4.    occasionally pressuring respondents

 

Answer: D

Difficulty: Easy

Page: 104

 

 

MC 4-11

 

Surveys can be administered by means of:

 

1.    mail/individually delivered

2.    personal interviews

3.    group administered

4.    all of the above

 

Answer: D

Difficulty: Easy

Page:  103-120

 

 

MC 4-12

 

In survey research, the term multiple method refers to:

 

1.    including a questionnaire on different topics.

2.    having interviewers who match respondents on gender, racial and age characteristics.

3.    using more than one method of administering the survey to increase the response rate.

4.    using a web-invitation to deliver a questionnaire.

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Moderate

Page:  105

 

 

MC 4-13

 

By response rate, survey researchers are referring to:

 

1.    the percentage of completed questionnaires

2.    the percentage of delivered questionnaires that are returned

3.    the percentage of respondents who agree to participate

4.    none of the above

 

Answer: B

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 103

 

 

MC 4-14

 

In surveys when “following up” on a potential respondent, the second of such contacts should occur:

 

1.    2 weeks after initial delivery

2.    3 weeks after initial delivery

3.    4 weeks after initial delivery

4.    5 weeks after initial delivery

 

Answer: B

Difficulty: Challenging

Page: 110

 

 

MC 4-15

 

Which statement about Internet-based surveys is false?

 

1.    Internet surveys are quickly replacing other survey administration strategies, including the telephone survey.

2.    Surveying the general population is not yet possible since E-mail lists do not exist.

3.    The use of an email invitation with a password and link to a web-survey can work well when groups served by a “list-serve” are being surveyed.

4.    All of the above are true.

 

Answer:

Difficulty: Moderate

Page:  111-12

 

 

 

MC 4-16

 

A phone survey relies on:

 

1.    statistical information

2.    computer aided response units

3.    self-report information

4.    teenagers who are more likely to answer the phone

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 112

 

 

MC 4-17

 

Of all the survey techniques, the following is likely to become the most popular:

 

1.    personal interview

2.    mail delivered questionnaire

3.    phone interview

4.    group administered questionnaire

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 115

 

 

MC 4-18

 

A structured interview is one in which:

 

1.    the interviewer is fully prepared

2.    the interviewer reads the questions to the respondent

3.    the interviewer is present while the respondent reads and answers the questions

4.    the interviewer determines the questions to be both asked and answered

 

Answer: B

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 118

 

MC 4-19

 

When selecting an interviewer to do research, which of the following is not a good predictor of quality:

 

1.    intelligence

2.    liking of science subjects

3.    manipulative skill

4.    perfectionism

 

Answer: D

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 118

 

 

MC 4-20

 

A good rule of thumb concerning the supervision of interviewers is to:

 

1.    inform the interviewer of all of the study details to ensure she/he is equipped

2.    pay your interviewers on a “per interview” basis

3.    avoid monitoring of the performance of the interviewers; if they find out they will be demoralized

4.    all of the above

 

Answer: B

Difficulty: Challenging

Page: 119

 

 

MC 4-21

 

Panel studies are designed to:

 

1.    monitor a select group over time

2.    solicit the opinions of a group of experts

3.    solve specific community problems

4.    none of the above

 

Answer: A

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 119

 

 

 

MC 4-22

 

Panel studies are particularly advantageous with respect to:

 

1.    forming causal inference

2.    examining and comparing responses over time

3.    at times being naturalistic

4.    all of the above

 

Answer: D

Difficulty: Challenging

Page: 119

 

 

 

ES 4-1

 

Briefly define or describe what is meant by each of the

following:

1.    a) interview schedule

2.    b) panel study

3.    c) phone survey

4.    d) point-in-time data

5.    e) population

6.    f) response rate

7.    g) salience of topic

8.    h) sample

9.    i) drop off form

 

Answer: SHORT ANSWER ESSAY

 

 

Chapter 6. Qualitative Research Methods

 

MC 6-1

 

Qualitative researchers emphasize:

 

1.    the positivist approach

2.    the objective indicators of human experience

3.    the interpretive approach

4.    the critical approach

 

Answer: C

Difficulty: Moderate

Page: 146

 

 

MC 6-2

 

Qualitative research is:

 

1.    empirical

2.    deterministic

3.    general

4.    holistic

 

Answer: D

Difficulty:

Page: 146