Memory Foundations And Applications 3rd Edition By Bennett -Test Bank
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Sample Test
Chapter 3: Working Memory
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. The
neural structures and which processes make up the working memory.
2. cognitive
3. behavioral
4. memory
5. structural
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Cognitive
Psychologists seldom use the term for this type of memory.
3. long-term
4. short-term
5. medium
memory
6. working
memory
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Some Terminological Clarifications
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Primary
memory is a term to mean what type of memory?
4. long-term
5. medial
6. ordinal
7. short-term
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Some Terminological Clarifications
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. Memory
system that holds literal information for a fraction of a second to allow
cognitive processing is:
5. short-term.
6. long-term.
7. sensory.
8. vertical.
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Sensory Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. The
iconic memory system contains what type of memory?
6. visual
sensory
7. short-term
sensory
8. functional
memory
9. long-term
sensory
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Sensory Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. The echoic
memory system contains what type of memory?
7. visual
sensory
8. primary
memory
9. auditory
sensory
10. participating
sensory
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Sensory Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. This
1960 experiment used a grid for a very brief flash. What type of memory
function was being measured?
8. primary
memory
9. sensory
memory
10. long-term
memory
11. short-term
memory
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Sensory Memory
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. What
is the term for the amount of information that can be maintained in working
memory?
9. capacity
10. term
11. knowledge
12. objectiveness
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Working Memory Capacity
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. What
task measures a list of digits presented by an experimenter?
10. hearing
and sight
11. sensory
learning
12. retrograde
learning
13. digital
span
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Working Memory Capacity
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. The
term used for a basic unit of information in working memory which may be
decomposable into more information.
11. cap
12. digit
13. span
14. chunk
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Working Memory Capacity
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. Which
of the following represents the amount of time to say aloud the items being rehearsed
in working memory?
12. span
time
13. auditory
time
14. iconic
time
15. pronunciation
time
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Pronunciation Time
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. Effect
explaining that longer words are more difficult to maintain in working memory
than are shorter words is:
13. syllable
length.
14. parietal
length.
15. digit
length.
16. word
length
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Pronunciation Time
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. Actively
maintaining the items in working memory by repeating them over and over is
called:
14. rehearsal.
15. maintenance
rehearsal.
16. elaborative
rehearsal.
17. working
rehearsal.
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. The
term for repeating information over and over is called:
15. maintenance
rehearsal.
16. rehearsal.
17. elaborative
rehearsal.
18. attention
rehearsal.
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. The
term used for processing the meaning of information in working memory is:
16. maintenance
rehearsal.
17. elaborative
rehearsal.
18. learning.
19. iconic
rehearsal.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. The
Duration of Information in Working Memory is defined as the amount of time
information will remain in working memory if not:
17. maintained.
18. rehearsed.
19. exercised.
20. elaborated.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. A
task that prevents maintaining of working memory is:
18. maintenance
prevention.
19. rehearsal
prevention.
20. elaborated
prevention.
21. exercise
prevention.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. The
term for new information enters working memory and displaces information
already present is:
19. unelaborated.
20. nonmaintained.
21. unrehearsed.
22. interference.
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
19. With
training, people can increase their digit span by focusing on:
20. concurrent
retrieval.
21. developing
complex chunking strategies.
22. using
constant maintenance rehearsal.
23. using
elaborative rehearsal.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Hard
20. Most
estimates of the duration of working memory are around:
21. 3–8
seconds.
22. 30–35
seconds.
23. 1–7
seconds.
24. 15–30
seconds.
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. In
the Brown-Peterson task,
22. maintenance
rehearsal is reversed.
23. the
secondary task creates interference, making the to-be-remembered items less
likely to be in working memory.
24. the
secondary task creates a word-length effect, which causes massive forgetting.
25. the
primacy effect is negated.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Medium
22. Waugh
and Norman (1965) presented participants with a sequential list of 16 digits.
After viewing all 16 digits, the participants were presented with one of the
digits that they had seen in the list. They found that:
23. the
fewer items that preceded the probe digit, the better memory was for that probe
items.
24. interference
was not a factor in this experimental design.
25. the
fewer items that preceded the probe digit, the better memory was for that probe
items.
26. the
fewer items that followed the probe digit, the better memory was for the item
that preceded it.
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Medium
23. The
serial position curve measures:
24. the
number of digits recalled in a digit-span task.
25. the
likelihood of correct free recall of items as a function of the input order at
presentation.
26. the
ability to order a serial list.
27. the
order of input of the phonological loop.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Serial Position Curve and Its Implication
for Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Medium
24. The
standard explanation of why primacy effects occur is that:
25. we
recall the items using sensory memory.
26. we
recall the items because they were stored in long-term memory.
27. we
recall the items because the experimenter always makes the first items the
easiest.
28. we
recall the items because the primacy words are no longer be encoded
elaboratively.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Serial Position Curve and Its Implications
for Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Hard
25. An
experimenter presents a list of words for participants to free recall in any
order. Immediately after the list is presented, the participants must do math
problems before they recall. Relative to a condition in which recall is
immediate, the participants who did math problems will show:
26. a
decrease in their primacy effect but not their recency effect.
27. a
decrease in their recency effect, but not their primacy effect.
28. no
differences.
29. both
primacy and recency will decrease by approximately the same amount.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Serial Position Curve and Its Implication
for Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Hard
26. An
experimenter presents a list of words for participants to free recall in any
order. She uses two conditions—one in which the words are read slowly and one
in which the words are read fast. You should expect her to find:
27. reduced
recency effects for both lists.
b.the list read slower should show no recency effect.
1. the
list read faster should show reduced primacy effects.
2. reduced
primacy effects for both lists.
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Serial Position Curve and Its Implication
for Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Hard
27. The
standard explanation of why recency effects occur is:
28. we
recall the items using sensory memory.
29. we
recall the items because they were stored in long-term memory.
30. we
recall the items because we know their source.
31. we
recall the items because they are still accessible in working memory.
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Serial Position Curve and Its Implication
for Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Medium
28. When
examining errors made during retrieval in a serial position curve experiment,
the tendency is that:
29. people
make errors based on meaning during the recency portion of the curve.
30. people
make errors based on meaning during the primacy portion of the curve.
31. people
make errors based on sound during the primacy portion of the curve.
32. people
never make errors for recency items because they use working memory.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Serial Position Curve and Its Implications
for Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Medium
29. In a
classic experiment by Crowder and Roediger (1976), people were asked to
retrieve as many U.S. presidents as they could think of. They found that:
30. people’s
memory of U.S. presidents was consistent with their political leanings.
31. most
people could not name any presidents, suggesting that Americans need to spend
more time learning history.
32. participants
showed both a primacy effect and a recency effect.
33. many
participants erroneously reported both Benjamin Franklin and Winston Churchill
as U.S. presidents.
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Serial Position Curve and Its Implication
for Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Hard
30. Angie
is a participant in an experiment on the serial position curve. One of the
words on the list she hears is “lemon.” Later, when asked to recall the list,
she erroneously reports “lime.” The word “lemon” was most likely:
31. the
very last word on the list.
32. written
in bold letters, causing her to experience a Von Restorff effect.
33. one
of the first three items of the list.
34. the
only word from the category “fruit” on the list.
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Serial Position Curve and Its Implication
for Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
31. Baddeley’s
model of working memory states that:
32. working
memory is not necessary for a working cognition system.
33. working
memory is composed of separable sub-systems.
34. working
memory is equivalent to the phonological loop.
35. previous
models of working memory had no validity.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Working Memory Model of Baddeley
Difficulty Level: Hard
32. In
working memory, the sub-system responsible for attention and control is known
as the:
33. phonological
loop.
34. visuospatial
sketchpad.
35. episodic
buffer.
36. central
executive.
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Working Memory Model of Baddeley
Difficulty Level: Medium
33. In
working memory, the sub-system responsible for working memory for sounds is
the:
34. phonological
loop.
35. visuospatial
sketchpad.
36. episodic
buffer.
37. central
executive.
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Phonological Loop
Difficulty Level: Easy
34. In
working memory, the sub-system responsible for working memory for visual images
is the:
35. phonological
loop.
36. visuospatial
sketchpad.
37. episodic
buffer.
38. central
executive.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Visuospatial Sketchpad
Difficulty Level: Easy
35. A
concurrent task is:
36. a
task that occupies only the central executive.
37. a
task that is done prior to the main probe task.
38. a
task that is done simultaneously with another task.
39. a
task that is done subsequent to the main probe task.
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Working Memory of Baddley
Difficulty Level: Medium
36. When
can we expect to see interference between visual and auditory working memory
tasks?
37. when
the tasks are so easy that each task can be performed by the other system
38. only
when the concurrent tasks occur simultaneously
39. when
the tasks are difficult enough that they require allocation of attentional
resources by the central executive
40. when
participants expect that visual images will interfere with visual processing
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Hard
37. The
observation that memory is usually superior for items at the beginning of a
serial position curve is thought to be caused by the encoding of those short
items into long-term memory. What type of effect would be generated by a large
dip in performance for items in the middle of a list?
38. serial
39. primacy
40. rehearsal
41. interference
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Serial Position Curve and Its Implication
for Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Hard
38. If
new information enters working memory and displaces information already
present, this type of information is called:
39. primacy.
40. cognitive.
41. rehearsal.
42. interference.
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Hard
39. Peterson
and Johnson (1971) also did a digit span task with a simultaneously performed
concurrent task. Peterson and Johnson asked participants to repeat simple words
over and over (e.g., “the,” “the,” “the,” “the,” etc.) while they were also
supposed to be rehearsing the digits for the digit span task. They found that:
40. participants
recalled more digits because the concurrent task stimulated the use of the
phonological loop.
41. participants
could not simultaneously repeat the word and suppress the digits.
42. participants
recalled fewer digits because both tasks occupied the phonological loop.
43. the
articulatory suppression prevented the use of the episodic buffer in this task.
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Working Memory Model of Baddeley
Difficulty Level: Hard
40. If
maintenance rehearsal repeats information over and over and elaborative
rehearsal processes the meaning of information, what type of operation is this
called?
41. interference
42. task
memory
43. rehearsal
44. duration
memory
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Hard
41. If
items in working memory are remembered due to maintenance of those items, the
observation that memory is usually superior for items at the end of a serial
position curve is known as the:
42. primacy
effect.
43. recency
effect.
44. serial
effect.
45. curve
effect.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Serial Position Curve and Its Implication
for Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Hard
42. Which
is the current term used to refer to systems of memory holding information up
to 30 seconds?
43. working
memory
44. primary
memory
45. unemployed
memory
46. short-term
memory
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Serial Position Curve and Its Implication
for Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Medium
43. Wei-lin
likes to listen to her favorite singer on her iPod while she studies. Research
on the irrelevant speech effect suggests that:
44. listening
to singing will reduce the capacity of her visuospatial sketchpad.
45. listening
to singing will allow her to perform source-monitoring tasks with greater
accuracy.
46. listening
to singing will mean she can store fewer items in her phonological loop.
47. listening
to singing will interfere with her appreciation of the musical chords.
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Working Memory Model of Baddeley
Difficulty Level: Medium
44. Salame
and Baddeley (1989) asked participants to maintain information in working
memory while listening to either singing, music without singing, or no sounds
at all. They found that:
45. music
helps young adults to study, but hurts the ability of older adults to learn.
46. singing
most interfered with maintaining information in the phonological loop.
47. all
three conditions led to relatively good performance.
48. the
condition without any sound was the most challenging.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Working Memory Systems
Difficulty Level: Hard
45. Brooks
(1968) asked participants to make judgments about letters when they were only
imagining the letter. He showed that:
46. visual
tasks can interfere with auditory imagery.
47. the
phonological loop is a static entity.
48. using
a visual mode of responding interfered with performance on a visual imagery
task.
49. visual
imagery can be influenced by semantic factors, such as the shape and size of
the letters.
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Cortical Areas of the Brain Associated With
Memory
Difficulty Level: Medium
46. The
visuospatial sketchpad can be defined as:
47. a
limited capacity working memory system that stores auditory information for a
short period of time.
48. an
attentional resource for visual information.
49. a
limited capacity long-term memory system for representing visual images.
50. a
limited-capacity working memory system that stores visual and spatial
information for a short period of time.
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Visuospatial Sketchpad
Difficulty Level: Medium
47. Teasdale
(1995) asked participants to generate random numbers. The participants most
deviated from the instructions when:
48. the
phonological loop was occupied with irrelevant speech.
49. the
visuospatial sketchpad was being used for imagery.
50. during
the primacy part of a serial position curve.
51. when
the central executive was not providing focus on the task.
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Central Executive
Difficulty Level: Hard
48. Warrington
and Shallice (1969) studied a young brain-damaged man identified in their paper
by the initial KF. They found that KF:
49. had a
deficit in working memory, particularly with respect to the central executive.
50. had a
deficit in working memory, particularly with respect to the phonological loop.
51. had
impaired long-term memory but no deficit in working memory.
52. recovered
much lost function in working memory after therapy with Warrington and
Shallice.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Working Memory and the Brain
Difficulty Level: Medium
49. PET
and fMRI data show that working memory functions are housed in the:
50. amygdale.
51. occipital
lobe.
52. angular
gyrus.
53. pre-frontal
lobe.
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Working Memory and the Brain
Difficulty Level: medium
50. Daneman
and Carpenter have shown that good working memory:
51. is
correlated with performance on reading fluency tests.
52. is
correlated with performance of athletic fitness.
53. has
no correlations with individual differences in cognitive performance.
54. is
better in those whose first language is a Celtic language.
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Application of Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Medium
51. Strayer
and his colleagues have found:
52. that cell-phone
use during driving always causes accidents.
53. that
cell-phone use during driving causes more accidents relative to non-cell phone
use when hazards are present that people react more slowly to.
54. that
cell-phone use during driving cause more accidents relative to non-cell use
when the driver is otherwise distracted by other stimuli.
55. that
cell-phone use during driving is only detrimental in older drivers.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Central Executive
Difficulty Level: Medium
52. Strayer
and his colleagues link the decrement in driving performance with cell-phone
use to:
53. problems
in semantic memory.
54. cell-phone
use exaggerates the recency effect.
55. cell-phone
use taxes the central executive (attentional control).
56. cell-phone
use requires the phonological loop to be suppressed.
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Central Executive
Difficulty Level: Medium
53. What
concept refers to a very brief memory system that holds literal information for
a fraction of a second to allow cognitive processing?
54. sensory
memory
55. erstwhile
memory
56. autobiographical
memory
57. Von
Restorff memory
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Sensory Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
54. If
you have not rehearsed a bit of knowledge and you remember it more than two
minutes after learning it, you are retrieving from:
55. the
phonological loop.
56. the
episodic buffer.
57. long-term
memory.
58. short-term
memory.
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Some Terminological Clarifications
Difficulty Level: Medium
55. According
to George Miller, the capacity of working memory is estimated to be:
56. 7
plus or minus 2.
57. 8
plus or minus 1.
58. exactly
4.
59. there
is no limit to its capacity.
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Working Memory Capacity
Difficulty Level: Easy
56. Anders
Ericsson and his colleagues trained a normal college student to:
57. never
forget autobiographical information.
58. to
obtain an 80-number digit span.
59. remember
every item in a series of serial position curve.
60. overcome
the word length effect.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Figure 2.6 The Cortical Lobes
Difficulty Level: Hard
57. The
pronunciation time effect demonstrates that:
58. the
capacity of working memory is determined only by the difficulty of pronouncing
the words.
59. words
that that are harder to pronounce are less likely to be free recall from
long-term memory.
60. the
word length effect only works in long-term memory.
61. the
magic number 7 plus or minus two does not completely explain working memory in
the digit-span task.
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Pronunciation Time
Difficulty Level: Medium
58. Navah-Benjamin
and Ayres (1986) found that:
59. digit
spans could not be measured unless novel words were used.
60. digit
spans were related to pronunciation times of those digits in each the language
tested.
61. digit
spans are better in Semitic languages than Indo-European languages.
62. digits
spans also show primacy effects.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Pronunciation Time
Difficulty Level: Medium
59. In
the Brown-Peterson task, rehearsal prevention means that:
60. a
secondary task is given which prevents maintenance rehearsal of the
to-be-remembered items.
61. participants
are instructed not to use maintenance rehearsal.
62. maintenance
rehearsal is prevented by presenting the words in a language not spoken by the
participant.
63. participants
use non-verbal coding of verbal materials.
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
60. Peterson
& Peterson estimated that within how many seconds all information in
working memory is lost?
61. 10
62. 40
63. 12
64. 18
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
61. The
serial position curve measures:
62. the
number of digits recalled in a digit-span task.
63. the
order of input of the phonological loop.
64. the
ability to order a serial list.
65. the
likelihood of correct free recall of items as a function of the input order at
presentation.
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Serial Position Curve and Its Implication
for Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
62. George
Sperling (1960) demonstrated the hypothetical existence of iconic memory or
visual sensory memory. Regarding this experiment, which of the following
statements is true?
63. Participants
in the partial-report condition could remember 3 from that line, suggesting
that 9 letters were accessible visually at the time of recall.
64. The
whole-report technique led to a greater estimate of letters that were visually
accessible.
65. More
information was accessible when echoic memory was used than when iconic memory
was used.
66. No
information was accessible when echoic memory was used.
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Sensory Memory
Difficulty Level: Hard
63. Research
on training working memory shows that:
64. training
working memory immediately generalizes to long-term memory tasks.
65. by
training our working memory, we can boost our ability to learn and remember
facts and vocabulary words.
66. With
practice, we can improve our ability to remember digit spans and other measures
of working memory, but improving on these tasks does not automatically
translate to better reading comprehension.
67. memory
is really not retrainable.
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Sensory Memory
Difficulty Level: Medium
64. In a
task, participants are asked to hold a visual image of what their best friends
look like. While holding that image, they are asked to perform a digit span
task. You would expect:
65. the
participants holding the visual image would perform just as well as a control
group not holding a visual image because the two tasks use different working
memory sub-systems.
66. the
participants holding the visual image would perform better than the control
group not holding a visual image because the two tasks use different working
memory sub-systems.
67. the
participants holding the visual image would perform worse than control group
not holding a visual image because the two tasks use different working memory
sub-systems.
68. the
participants holding the visual image soon lost interest.
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Working Memory Capacity
Difficulty Level: Medium
65. Rudolf
is given a list of seven reindeer games to remember. Rudolf rehearses the names
of the games in working memory. According to the capacity theory of working
memory, Rudolf:
66. will
be unable to remember all the games because the number exceeds the capacity of
working memory.
67. with
rehearsal, should be able to keep the items in working memory as he has not
exceeded the capacity of working memory
68. rehearsal
only applies to digits, not names.
69. will
have to chunk all of the items in order to recall them.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Working Memory Capacity
Difficulty Level: Hard
66. Articulatory
suppression requires the use of the:
67. coconcurrent
task loop.
68. phonological
loop.
69. phonological
task.
70. phonological
encoding.
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Working Memory Model of Baddeley
Difficulty Level: Easy
67. Short-term
memory for a short period of time is for what kind of introspection?
68. unconscious
69. subliminal
70. conscious
71. spiritual
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Section Summary and Quiz
Difficulty Level: Easy
68. The
Central Executive coordinates the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological
loop to control:
69. focus
of attention.
70. episodic
memory.
71. sensory
memory.
72. metacognition.
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Mnemonic Improvement Tip 3.2
Difficulty Level: Medium
69. The
episodic buffer holds episodic memories for a brief time to allow them to
transfer between the work and what type of memory?
70. long-term
71. short-term
72. preterm
73. postterm
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Mnemonic Improvement Tip .2
Difficulty Level: Easy
70. This
is the workings of our auditory working memory system.
71. Phonological
Loop
72. Visuospatial
Sketchpad
73. Sounding
instrument
74. Episodic
Buffer
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Phonological Loop
Difficulty Level: Easy
71. The
phonological loop is mildly impaired in the presence of background speech. This
is known as what type of speech?
72. loud
73. buffered
74. slurred
75. irrelevant
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Phonological Loop
Difficulty Level: Easy
72. This
is a widespread myth of learning that was to improve learning.
73. Hamlet
74. Mozart
75. Vallar
76. Baddeley
Ans: b
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Phonological Loop
Difficulty Level: Easy
73. To
obtain positive effects of learning can be processed in the phonological loop
through:
74. memory
rehearsal.
75. recall
rehearsal.
76. quiet
study.
77. music.
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Phonological Loop
Difficulty Level: Medium
74. Irrelevant
speech has direct implications on this kind of improvement.
75. sensory
76. rehearsal
77. mnemonic
78. neuron
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Phonological Loop
Difficulty Level: Medium
75. Which
type of tasks interfere less with the visuospatial sketchpad?
76. auditory
77. visual
78. sensory
79. both
visual and auditory
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Visuospatial Sketchpad
Difficulty Level: Medium
76. Integrated
information in a short-term memory system requires an:
77. executive
central.
78. integrated
code.
79. arithmetic
code.
80. episodic
buffer.
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Episodic Buffer
Difficulty Level: Medium
77. The
n-back task is the reporting of a digit that occurred n-digits that occur
somewhere in a line of digits.
78. before
79. after
80. in
place
81. summarizing
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Central Executive
Difficulty Level: Medium
78. The
working memory model proposed by Baddeley states that working memory is
actually composed of a number of systems bound together by an:
79. associative
bond.
80. n-backed
test.
81. executive
centrals.
82. attentional
mechanism.
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Section Summary and Quiz
Difficulty Level: Medium
79. An
episodic buffer links two systems together and is activated when meaning needs
to be extracted from the:
80. episodic
memory.
81. n-back
task.
82. phonological
loop.
83. visuospatial
sketchpad.
Ans: c
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Section Summary and Quiz
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
1.The current contents of working memory are thought to be
equilevant to conscious awareness.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Hard
2. The
memory is a limited capacity system and can only hold so much memory.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Hard
3. Sensory
memory holds literal iformation.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Chemical Enhancement of Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
4.Primary memory is long term memory.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Some Terminilogicacl Clarifications.
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. The
digit span task reports the amount of information that can be maintained in
working memory.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Working Memory Capacity
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. Word
length does not affect memory.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Pronunciation Time
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Elaborative
rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal do basically the same thing in memory.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. The
rehearsal prevention task prevents a participant from maintaining information
in working memory.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. Phonological
loop effect is not impaired in the presence of background noise.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Working Memory Systems
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. Duration
of information in working memory is the amount of time information will remain
in working memory but only if not rehearsed.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Duration of Information in Working Memory
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. Articulatoy
suppression tasks prevent rehersal within the phonological loop.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Working Memory Model of Baddeley
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. In an
n-backed task a cue will indicate a must report that a digit occurred n digits
before, n will vary depending on the task requirements.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Central Executive
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. Baddeley
stated that working memory is a single system within itself.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Section Summary and Quiz
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. Working
memory is not considered to be in the active contents of consciousness.
Ans: F
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Review Questions
Difficulty Level: Hard
15. Alzheimer’s
disease is accompanied by a deficit in working memory and therefore can be
distinguished during the early phases from other organic deficits by examining
working memory performance.
Ans: T
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Alzheimer’s Disease
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short Answer
1. Primary
memory is a term used to mean ______ memory.
Ans: short-term
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Some Terminological Clarifications
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. ______
memory holds literal information for a fraction of a second.
Ans: Sensory
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Some Terminological Clarifications
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. ______
memory is auditory sensory memory.
Ans: Iconic
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Neurons
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. ______
memory is visual sensory memory.
Ans: Iconic
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Some Terminological Clarifications
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. ______
is the amount of memory that can be stored in working memory.
Ans: Capacity
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Working Memory Capacity
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. A
______ span task can only be used in specific experiments. These experiments
involve memory presented by an experimenter to determine memory.
Ans: digital
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Working Memory Capacity
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. The
work of G.A. Miller involved a specific type of information system involving
possible decomposable ______ involving more information.
Ans: chunks
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Working Memory Capacity
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. Baddely
considered working memory as having a space of time between the visual and
auditory working memory. He termed this space as the _____.
Ans: phonological loop
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Working Memory Model of Baddely
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. An
individual was involved in a traumatic occurrence and did not seem to be able
to remember more than a few words but could still maintain a working memory.
However, his speech was slower than normal. The amount of time it took him to
pronounce a word is called ______.
Ans: pronunciation time
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Pronunciation Time
Difficulty Level: Hard
10. Most
of us will find it easy to remember shorter names of people. However, when
introducing friends with longer names to others, we cannot remember those names
as quickly as the folks with shorter names. This is referred to the ______
length effect.
Ans: word
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Pronunciation Time
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
1. Describe
the working memory system of the phonological loop.
Ans: Auditory, rehearsal, short-term memory to long-term memory,
and limited-capacity system that holds auditory information for brief periods.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Phonological Loop
Difficulty Level: Hard
2. Explain
the irrelevant speech effect.
Ans: Mildly impaired phonological loop.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Phonological Loop
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. List
and describe the three main units for visuospatial information processing.
Ans: Visuospatial sketch pad, episodic buffer, and phonological
loop.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Mnemonic Improvement Tip 3.2
Difficulty Level: Hard
4. Explain
Articulatory suppression.
Ans: Prevents rehearsal in the phonological loop.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Working Memory Model of Baddeley
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Explain
sensory memory, iconic memory, and echoic memory.
Ans: Brief memory, literal information, visual sensory memory,
and auditory sensory memory.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Sensory Memory
Difficulty Level: Medium
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